Eukaryotic cells and division

• What are the two main types of organisms?

  Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• What do all living organisms have in common?

  They are all made of cells
• What does the presence of organelles in cells indicate?

  Cells have specific functions and structures
• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are more complex
• What type of cells are animal, plant, algal, and fungal cells?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What are organelles?

  Parts of cells with specific functions
• How can organelles be observed?

  Using an electron microscope
• What are the organelles found in a typical animal cell?

  • Cell-surface membrane
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosome
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondrion
• What additional organelles do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are involved in photosynthesis
• How do algal cells differ from plant cells?

  They can be unicellular or multicellular
• What is a key difference between fungal cells and plant cells?

  Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
• What are the functions of the cell-surface membrane?

  • Regulates substance movement
  • Contains receptor molecules for chemicals
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  • Controls cell activities
  • Contains chromosomes and nucleolus
  • Allows RNA movement to cytoplasm
• What is the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Grana and stroma involved in the process
• What does the Golgi apparatus do?

  • Processes and packages lipids and proteins
  • Makes lysosomes
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Digests invading cells and worn-out components
• What is the role of ribosomes?

  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Made of proteins and RNA
• How do specialised cells differ from regular cells?

  They are adapted for specific functions
• What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not
  • Rough ER processes proteins; smooth ER processes lipids
• Why do epithelial cells in the small intestine have microvilli?

  To increase surface area for absorption
• What adaptation do red blood cells have for their function?

  They lack a nucleus to carry more oxygen
• Why do sperm cells have many mitochondria?

  To provide energy for propulsion
• What is the organization of cells in multicellular organisms?

  • Cells form tissues
  • Tissues form organs
  • Organs form organ systems
• What is an example of an organ system?

  The digestive system
• What type of tissue do epithelial cells form?

  Epithelial tissue
• What is the function of glandular tissue?

  It secretes chemicals
• What organs make up the digestive system?

  Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver