lec10

• What is the outer region of the kidney called?


  Cortex
• Which structures are located in the renal cortex?

  Renal capsule, proximal and distal tubules

  
• What is the inner region of the kidney known as?

  Medulla
• What structures are found in the renal medulla?

  Loop of Henle and collecting ducts

  
• What is the central cavity of the kidney called?


  Pelvis
• What happens to urine after it is formed?

  It is deposited in the pelvis
• What is the primary function of the kidneys?

  Regulation of body fluid volume
• How do kidneys regulate osmolarity?

  By adjusting the concentration of urine
• What is one waste product eliminated by the kidneys?

  Urea
• What hormone is produced by the kidneys?

  Erythropoietin
• What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

  It measures blood filtered by glomeruli

  
• Why is GFR important for kidney health?

  It indicates how well kidneys filter waste

  
• What is a normal GFR value for healthy adults?

  90-120 mL/min/1.73m²
• How does age affect GFR?

  GFR can naturally decrease with age
• What is the role of the glomerulus?

  Filters blood plasma in the nephron

  
• What is the function of the afferent arteriole?

  Brings blood into the glomerulus
• What is the function of the efferent arteriole?

  Carries filtered blood away from glomerulus
• What do peritubular capillaries surround?

  Proximal and distal convoluted tubules

  
• What is the role of the vasa recta?

  Maintains concentration gradient in kidney
• What are the functions of the renal corpuscle?

  • Filters blood plasma
  • Produces filtrate including water and electrolytes
  • Excludes blood cells and large proteins
• What is the structure of Bowman's capsule?

  Double-walled, cup-shaped structure
• What is the function of Bowman's capsule?

  Collects filtrate from the glomerulus

  
• What are the layers of Bowman's capsule?

  Parietal and visceral layers
• What is the role of podocytes in Bowman's capsule?

  Wrap around glomerular capillaries

  
• What are the three layers of the glomerular filtration barrier?

  Endothelial cells, GBM, podocytes

  
• How do endothelial cells contribute to filtration?

  Allow passage of water and small solutes
• What is the function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?

  Acts as a physical and charge barrier
• What do podocytes form in the filtration barrier?

  Slit diaphragms for selective filtration
• What factors affect the filterability of substances?

  Size, charge, and shape of molecules
• What happens to smaller molecules during filtration?

  They pass through more easily
• How does charge affect filterability?

  Negatively charged molecules are repelled
• What is the composition of glomerular filtrate?

  Water, electrolytes, glucose, waste products

  
• What is the first step in urine formation?

  Filtration in the glomerulus

  
• What does a high creatinine level indicate?

  Possible kidney problem
• What is the relationship between creatinine and eGFR?

  Creatinine levels estimate eGFR

  
• What happens if GFR is too high?

  Urine output rises, risk of dehydration
• What occurs if GFR is too low?

  Wastes are reabsorbed, azotemia develops
• How is GFR measured?

  Using specific tests and substances
• What is the difference between GFR and eGFR?

  GFR is directly measured; eGFR is estimated
• What factors affect GFR?

  Blood pressure, hydration, medications