ions and atoms

• What are all things made up of, including living and non-living entities?

  Everything is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
• How many atoms are estimated to be in a single cell?

  A single cell probably contains more than 100 trillion atoms.
• What is the basic structure of an atom?

  An atom consists of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons that orbit in shells.
• What are the two types of particles that make up the nucleus of an atom?

  The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.
• What is the relative mass of protons and neutrons?

  Both protons and neutrons have a relative mass of one.
• How does the mass of electrons compare to protons and neutrons?

  Electrons have a mass that is about 2,000 times smaller than protons and neutrons.
• What charge do protons have?

  Protons have a positive charge of +1.
• What charge do neutrons have?

  Neutrons have no charge and are neutral.
• What charge do electrons have?

  Electrons have a negative charge of -1.
• How can you remember the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

  Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative.
• What is the typical radius of an atom?

  Atoms typically have a radius of around 0.1 nanometers.
• What is the structure of an atom compared to the solar system?

  An atom is like a solar system with a nucleus in the center and electrons orbiting around it, mostly in empty space.
• How does the size of the nucleus compare to the size of the atom?

  The nucleus is 10,000 times smaller than the atom itself.
• How many protons and electrons are in the drawn atom?

  The drawn atom has three protons and three electrons.
• What happens to the charge of an atom when it loses or gains electrons?

  If an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes charged and is called an ion.
• What is a negative ion?

  A negative ion has more electrons than protons, resulting in a negative charge.
• How do you denote a one minus negative ion?

  A one minus negative ion has one extra electron compared to protons.
• What is a positive ion?

  A positive ion has more protons than electrons, resulting in a positive charge.
• How do you denote a one plus positive ion?

  A one plus positive ion has one less electron compared to protons.
• What does the periodic table represent?

  The periodic table represents different types of atoms, called elements.
• What information does a nuclear symbol provide about an element?

  A nuclear symbol provides information such as the elemental symbol, atomic number, and mass number.
• What does the elemental symbol represent?

  The elemental symbol is a one or two letter symbol that represents an element.
• What does the atomic number indicate?

  The atomic number indicates how many protons an atom of that element has.
• Why is the atomic number important?

  The atomic number determines which element an atom is.
• How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

  You calculate the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number.
• How many neutrons does oxygen have if its mass number is 16 and atomic number is 8?

  Oxygen has 8 neutrons.
• What are the main components of an atom?

  An atom is made up of a central nucleus comprising protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around it.
• How many neutrons does lithium have if its mass number is 7 and atomic number is 3?

  Lithium has 4 neutrons.
• How many electrons does oxygen have?

  Oxygen has 8 electrons.
• How many electrons does lithium have?

  Lithium has 3 electrons.
• How many electrons does an atom have based on its atomic number?

  An atom has the same number of electrons as its atomic number.
• What determines the identity of an element?

  The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of an element.
• What is the significance of the number of protons in an atom?

  The number of protons determines the identity of the element.
• What is the relationship between protons and electrons in a neutral atom?

  In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
• What happens to the charge of an atom when it becomes an ion?

  The charge of an atom changes when it becomes an ion due to the imbalance of protons and electrons.
• What is the smallest element and how many protons does it have?

  The smallest element is hydrogen, which has one proton in its nucleus.
• How many protons and neutrons does helium have?

  Helium has two protons and two neutrons in its nucleus.
• What is the distinction between atoms and ions?

  Atoms are neutral, while ions have an imbalance of protons and electrons, resulting in a charge.
• How many different elements are there approximately?

  There are around 100 different elements.
• What is the significance of the periodic table?

  The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number and properties.