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BIOL132Z - Diversity of Life
L14 - Gram-stain-negative Bacteria
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Created by
Harvey Phillpott
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Cards (81)
Who invented the Gram stain?
Hans Christian Gram
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What does the Gram stain divide Bacteria into?
Gram-stain-positive
and
Gram-stain-negative
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What is the color of the crystal violet stain?
Blue-violet
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What role does triiodide (I3-) play in the Gram stain?
It helps trap the stain inside
cells
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What happens to cells after washing with ethanol in the Gram stain process?
Some cells retain the
violet dye
, some do not
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What are the two counterstains used in the Gram stain process?
Bismarck brown
and
safranin O
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What color do Gram-stain-positive cells appear after counterstaining?
They still look
violet
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What color do Gram-stain-negative cells appear after counterstaining?
Pink
or
brown
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Why do Gram-stain-positive and Gram-stain-negative cells stain differently?
It relates to the structure of their
cell wall
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What is the outer membrane of Gram-stain-negative bacteria composed of?
A
phospholipid bilayer
with
channel proteins
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What is contained within the periplasm of Gram-stain-negative bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
(murein)
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What anchors peptidoglycan to the outer membrane in Gram-stain-negative bacteria?
Proteolipids
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What are the repeating units in peptidoglycan?
N-acetylmuramic acid
and
N-acetylglucosamine
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What is the function of teichoic acids in Gram-stain-positive bacteria?
They are part of the
peptidoglycan
layer
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What is the structure of teichoic acids?
Backbones of repeating
sugar alcohols
with
phosphate groups
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What is the taxonomic hierarchy used for Bacteria and Archaea?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
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What is the strain code for Escherichia coli?
K12 MG1655
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What defines a species in Bacteria and Archaea?
Whole-genome
studies and single gene analysis
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What is the type strain of a species?
The strain
designated
when the species is named
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What is the significance of the nomenclatural Code for Bacteria and Archaea?
It is stricter than those for
Zoology
and
Botany
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What is the primary method of reproduction in Escherichia coli?
Binary fission
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Where is Escherichia coli commonly found?
In the colon of most
Mammalia
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Why is Escherichia coli widely used in genetics and molecular biology?
It
grows fast
and is easy to handle
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What toxin does E. coli O157:H7 produce?
Shiga toxin
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What is the effect of shiga toxin produced by E. coli O157:H7?
Causes
bloody diarrhoea
and
kidney failure
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What beneficial role do gut strains of E. coli play in humans?
They produce
vitamin K2
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How do E. coli cells divide?
They elongate,
duplicate
DNA, and form a
septum
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How often can some E. coli strains divide in complex media?
Every 20
minutes
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What types of respiration can E. coli perform?
Respire
O2 or
nitrate
, or
ferment
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What do E. coli ferment in the absence of O2 or NO3-?
Sugars by
mixed acid fermentation
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What is Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans classified as?
Obligate
chemolithoautotroph
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What is the pH range in which Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans can grow?
pH 0.5
to
6.0
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What is the significance of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in biohydrometallurgy?
It extracts metals from
low-grade
ores
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What is the chemical equation for the leaching of Cu2S?
Cu2S + O2 + H2O →
H2SO4
+ 2Cu+ + 2H+
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What is Desulfovibrio vulgaris classified as?
Gram-stain-negative
rods
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Where is Desulfovibrio vulgaris commonly found?
In
water-logged
soils
and
river sediments
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What type of respiration does Desulfovibrio vulgaris perform?
Obligate anaerobic
respiration
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How does Desulfovibrio vulgaris move?
By single
flagella
at one pole
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What are the characteristics of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans?
Gram-stain-negative
rods
Dividing by
binary fission
Motile by single
flagella
Extreme acidophile
(pH
0.5
to
6.0
)
Obligate chemolithoautotroph
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What are the characteristics of Desulfovibrio vulgaris?
Gram-stain-negative
rods
Dividing by
binary fission
Motile by single
flagella
Ubiquitous in
water-logged
soils
Obligate
anaerobe
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