L16 - The Archaea

• How many wall types are found in Archaea?

  Over 7 wall types
• Why is it difficult to group Archaea organisms?

  No generalizations can be made
• What is a recommended review for studying Archaea?

  Klingl’s (2014) review
• What terminology was used for Archaea structures before the 1990s?

  “Gram positive Archaea”
• What should students focus on regarding Archaea wall types?

  Learn a bit about some bugs
• What is the classification of Saccharolobus solfataricus?

  • Archaea > Thermoproteati > Thermoproteota > Thermoprotei > Sulfolobales > Sulfolobaceae > Saccharolobus > Saccharolobus solfataricus
• What is the optimal pH for Saccharolobus solfataricus growth?

  4.5
• What temperature range does Saccharolobus solfataricus grow in?

  50-87 °C
• What are the terminal electron acceptors for Saccharolobus solfataricus respiration?

  O2 or Fe(III)
• What does Saccharolobus solfataricus use for weak chemolithoautotrophic growth?

  Molecular hydrogen as electron donor
• What complex organics can Saccharolobus solfataricus grow on?

  Yeast extract and peptone
• What electron donors can Saccharolobus solfataricus NOT use?

  Pyrite, tetrathionate, or sulfur
• Where was Saccharolobus solfataricus isolated from?

  Fumarole at Campi Flegrei
• How does the wall structure of Saccharolobus solfataricus compare to Halobacterium spp.?

  Similar wall structure
• What is the classification of Methanopyrus kandleri?

  • Archaea > Methanobacteriati > Methanobacteriota > Methanopyri > Methanopyrales > Methanopyraceae > Methanopyrus > Methanopyrus kandleri
• What is the optimal growth temperature for Methanopyrus kandleri?

  122 °C
• What is the growth condition for Methanopyrus kandleri below 80 °C?

  It dies below 80 °C
• Where was Methanopyrus kandleri originally isolated?

  Gulf of California
• What type of anaerobe is Methanopyrus kandleri?

  Strict obligate anaerobe
• What is the respiration equation for Methanopyrus kandleri?

  4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O
• What pressure must Methanopyrus kandleri be grown at?

  20 MPa (197 atm)
• What is the cell structure of Methanopyrus kandleri?

  Long rods with pseudomurein
• What is the difference between pseudomurein and peptidoglycan?

  Pseudomurein has TalaNAc instead of NAM
• What is the classification of Methanobrevibacter oralis?

  • Archaea > Methanobacteriati > Methanobacteriota > Methanobacteria > Methanobacterales > Methanobacteriaceae > Methanobrevibacter > Methanobrevibacter oralis
• Where was Methanobrevibacter oralis isolated from?

  Human dental plaque
• What happens to Methanobrevibacter oralis numbers during periodontal disease?

  Increases in numbers
• What is the optimal growth temperature for Methanobrevibacter oralis?

  37 °C
• What is required for Methanobrevibacter oralis to grow in vitro?

  Fecal extract or sterilized rumen fluid
• What ions are required for Methanobrevibacter oralis growth?

  Nickel (Ni2+) ions
• What stimulates the growth of Methanobrevibacter oralis?

  Branched chain volatile fatty acids
• What is the cell wall composition of Methanobrevibacter oralis?

  • One cell membrane
  • Layers of pseudomurein
  • Glutaminylglycan
  • Heteropolysaccharides
• What is the classification of Halobacterium salinarum?

  • Archaea > Methanobacteriati > Methanobacteriota > Halobacteria > Halobacterales > Halobacteraceae > Halobacterium > Halobacterium salinarum
• What is the required growth condition for Halobacterium salinarum?

  Very high salinities
• How does Halobacterium salinarum reduce osmotic stress?

  Fills the cell with KCl
• What is the optimal growth temperature for Halobacterium salinarum?

  50 °C
• What type of respiration does Halobacterium salinarum perform?

  Oxidizes amino acids using oxygen
• What is bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum?

  Photo-driven proton translocator

  
• What pigment gives Halobacterium salinarum its color?

  α-bacterioruberin
• What is the function of α-bacterioruberin in Halobacterium salinarum?

  Protection from UV light
• What type of cell membrane does Halobacterium salinarum have?

  Doubled-headed ether lipid monolayer