Ethnicity

• Brah


  Young British Asians are very skilled 'cultural code-switchers'. They have hybrid cultures rather than simply two
• Johal and Bains


  Studied 'Brasians' and found they had 'dual identities' and would 'code switch' to their 'white mask' when with their white peers
• Butler


  Did a study on Muslim girls and found that their religion was central to creating their ethnic identity. Their peers were also a large influence, the combination of the two gave girls freedom in expressing their identity.
• Burdsey


  Investigated amateur and professional Asian footballers and found that to fit in they would incorporate their identities into a laddish one, e.g., speaking about drugs, porn and sports.
• Anderson


  National identity is socially constructed through symbols like flags, national holidays and anthems. It is an 'imagined community' as many members will never meet.
• Kumar


  English identity is elusive compared to Scots, Welsh, Irish. They have developed a sense of 'missionary nationalism', as the quest to expand Britishness may have diluted the Englishness.
• Sardar


  World is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides e.g. east vs west have broken down. Englishness is based on historical traditions which are meaningless to the majority of Brits. To develop a more confident identity we need to embrace diversity.
• Hall


  Countries react differently to globalisation. They may accept the global culture (cultural homogenisation), take in some parts (cultural hybridity), or they may resist (cultural resistance)
• Ghuman


  Hindu and Sikh's are raised to value their religion and family honour over their own interests.