Masculinity

• Mac an Ghaill


  'Crisis of masculinity' to describe the insecurity working-class men due to the decline of their 'breadwinner' identity because traditional male industries have been declining.
• Connell


  • Hegemonic masculinity: macho, dominant, breadwinners
  • Subordinate masculinity: homosexual males
  • Complicit masculinity: men who share conjugal roles with women
  • Marginalised masculinity: unemployed men (from traditional industries)
• Archer


  Traditional masculinity: traditional jobs are working class jobs, known as blue collar work. These types of men have very traditional beliefs on gender roles
• Archer


  Asian male students were once deemed more studious, focused and complaint but today they take pride in 'laddishness' form anti-school subculture, misbehave and intentionally made themselves appear as more stupid
• Nayak


  Traditional men have 'body capital', men did manual jobs and used their physical strength in work. Therefore females are expected to do the housework.
• Willis


  Studied 12 'lads', most would misbehave at school as it gave them status and respect amongst their peers. They didn't care about education as they knew they would follow their fathers into manual labour work.
• MacDonald and Marsh


  Many men in Teeside steel workplace felt a 'crisis of masculinity' as their 'macho' male jobs were scrapped.
• Susan Faludi


  Looked at the reaction of working class men to the succession of feminism. She looked at the 'Spur Posse' who's goal was to sleep with as many women as they could. When one was charged with the rape of a 12 year old girl, he stated that "She has a body" Faludi found that their attitudes towards women, domestic violence, sexual violence were part of their masculinity issue.