Femininity

• Jackson


  Studied 'ladettes' who spend time drinking, smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons for fear of being unpopular. E.g. Zoe Ball
• Blackman


  Observed New Wave Girls and found that they were loud, disruptive and confident. They would also challenge the stereotypes of women perpetuated by male teachers and students
• Siedler


  Studied girls from Asian backgrounds regarding their expectations of femininity, and found that within the family girls were expected to be obedient, do chores. Despite the boys being given more freedom the girls still wanted to abide by 'izaat'. Some may have a double life
• McRobbie


  Looked at female subcultures and found that some girls had a 'bedroom' subculture and others raged against expectations through 'Slut walks' and 'Reclaim the night' protests
• Ann Oakley


  Gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation, done in four ways:

  • Manipulation: encouraging behaviour that is stereotypically acceptable and discouraging behaviour that isn't
  • Canalisation: Channelling children's interests into toys, games, activities that are considered the norm
  • Verbal appellation: giving children nicknames to reinforced gender expectations
  • Different activities: Encouragement to participate in activities which reinforce stereotypes