Class

• Clarke


  Skinheads: this culture repented an exaggeration of working-class masculinity. They wore manual worker clothes, rolled up jeans and work boots. Their attitudes were hyper masculine and racist. Clarke argued these men felt their working-class identity was under threat due to their economic conditions, so they over-exaggerated their identity as a form of resistance
• Jefferson


  Teddy Boys: argues they emerged in the 50s due to high employment rates. They wore Edwardian style jackets which Jefferson thought were symbolising that they were trying to be like their middle-class oppressors.
• Hebdige


  Punks emerged as a resistance to dominance of mainstream media and fashion industries which were telling youths how to be. This appealed to working-class youths. They had clear political elements see Sex Pistols. Also looked at 'incorporation' to describe how styles are taken over by the media and incorporated into mainstream society so they lose their element of rebellion.
• Brake


  'Magical solutions' are what subcultures saw to resist capitalism, their rituals, fashion, music and attitude expressed this resistance. Being in subcultures gave youths a collective identity and feeling of strength and power. Eventually, they conform to the adult world as they are submitted to society's social control
• Thornton


  Challenges the ideas of the CCCS and the significance of social class. She studied club culture and found that youth are exempt from adult commitments like bills. She argued that unemployed and marginalised youth can partake in club culture regardless of social class