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• What type of waves have longer wavelengths and lower frequencies?

  Constructive waves
• How does the fetch of constructive waves compare to destructive waves?

  Constructive waves have a short fetch
• Where are constructive waves typically found?

  Gently-sloping coastlines
• What type of coastlines do destructive waves break on?

  Coasts with a steep gradient
• What is the effect of constructive waves on coastlines?

  They build coastlines
• What do constructive waves create on coastlines?

  Berms
• What is the primary effect of destructive waves on coastlines?

  They erode coastlines
• In what conditions do destructive waves typically form?

  In storms
• What type of weather is associated with constructive waves?

  Calm weather
• How do the energy levels of destructive waves compare to constructive waves?

  Destructive waves have higher energy
• What type of wave is characterized by crushing waves?

  Destructive waves
• What type of wave is characterized by rolling waves?

  Constructive waves
• Can coastlines have both constructive and destructive waves?

  Yes
• What is erosion?

  The wearing away of the earth’s surface
• What does fetch refer to in coastal processes?

  The distance of open water for wind
• What is mass movement?

  Movement of material downhill by gravity
• What is weathering?

  Breakdown of rock at or near the surface
• What is backwash?

  Water receding back down the beach
• What are constructive waves characterized by?

  Low height and powerful swash
• What defines destructive waves?

  High wave height and strong backwash
• What is swash?

  The rush of water up the beach
• What causes tides?

  The gravitational pull of the sun and moon
• What is a coastal sediment budget?

  The balance of sediment added and removed
• What characterizes a high energy coast?

  Strong winds create high energy waves
• What defines a low energy coast?

  Low wave energy and high deposition rate
• What are marine processes?

  Processes connected with the sea
• What are sub-aerial processes?

  Processes that break down the coastline
• What is eustatic change?

  A global change in sea level
• What is a fjord?

  A drowned former glacial valley
• What is isostatic change?

  Local changes in sea level
• What are raised beaches?

  Former wave-cut platforms above sea level
• What is a ria?

  A drowned former river valley
• What is hard engineering?

  Physical changes using resistant materials
• What is soft engineering?

  Using natural systems for coastal defense
• What are Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs)?

  Reports assessing risks of coastal processes
• What are the inputs in coastal systems?

  Energy from waves, wind, tides, sea currents
• What are the components of erosional processes?

  Erosional landforms and landscapes
• What are the outputs of coastal systems?

  Dissipation of wave energy and sediment removal
• What are the different zones of the coastline?

  Backshore, foreshore, inshore, offshore, nearshore
• What are the features of wind as an input into coastal systems?

  Variations in energy from wind strength and duration