States of Matter and their Properties - Chemistry

• States of Matter


  Different forms: solid, liquid, gas.

  
• Viscosity


  Measure of a liquid's resistance to flow.
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
• Air Pressure


  Force exerted by air molecules in a given area.
• Density


  Mass per unit volume of a substance.
• Particle Model


  Theory explaining properties of solids, liquids, gases.

  
• Solid Properties

  Particles close, fixed shape, vibrate in place.
• Liquid Properties


  Particles close, random arrangement, can flow.
• Gas Properties


  Particles far apart, move freely in all directions.
• Temperature Effect on Viscosity

  Higher temperature generally decreases viscosity.
• Investigating Viscosity


  Compare flow rates of different liquids.
• Expansion of Objects


  Increase in size due to heat, explained by particle model.
• Compression of Gases


  Gases can be compressed due to particle spacing.
• Floating Objects


  An object floats if its density is less than water.
• Fixed Shape of Solids

  Particles cannot move freely, maintaining structure.
• Random Arrangement in Liquids

  Particles can move around each other, not fixed.
• High Viscosity Example


  Syrup flows slowly due to high viscosity.
• Low Viscosity Example


  Water flows quickly due to low viscosity.
• Investigating Temperature's Effect

  Measure viscosity changes at different temperatures.
• Variables in Viscosity Experiment

  Liquid type, temperature, volume, and pouring speed.
• Average Measurement


  Calculate mean from multiple trials for accuracy.
• Funnel Use in Experiment


  Facilitates controlled pouring of liquids during testing.
• Viscosity


  Resistance of a fluid to flow.
• High Viscosity


  Fluid flows slowly, like glycerol.
• Low Viscosity


  Fluid flows quickly, like water.
• Temperature Effect on Viscosity

  Higher temperature decreases oil viscosity.
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles through another substance.
• Diffusion in Liquids


  Particles move through liquids, slower than gases.
• Lead Nitrate Experiment

  Lead nitrate and potassium iodide diffusion observed.
• Yellow Line Indicator


  Shows meeting point of lead and iodide particles.
• Potassium Iodide Speed


  Moves faster than lead nitrate in diffusion.
• Diffusion in Gases


  Occurs quicker due to larger particle spaces.
• Ammonia Experiment


  Ammonia diffuses, turning litmus paper blue.
• Speed of Diffusion


  Calculated as distance divided by time.
• Expansion


  Particles gain energy and move faster when heated.
• Contraction


  Particles lose energy and occupy less space.
• Ball and Ring Experiment

  Ball expands and no longer fits through the ring.

  
• Railway Track Expansion

  Spaces prevent track buckling due to heat.
• Water Bath


  Used to heat oil to specific temperature.
• Funnel Timing


  Measures time taken for oil to flow.