Crime prevention and victimology

• What does the Criminal Justice System (CJS) encompass?

  Agencies involved in law, order, crime, punishment
• Who predominantly makes up the Criminal Justice System?

  Older, middle-class individuals from privileged backgrounds
• What is situational crime prevention according to Ron Clarke?


  A pre-emptive approach reducing crime opportunities
• What are the three features of situational crime prevention measures?

  Directed at specific crimes, manage environment, increase effort
• How do New Right beliefs differ from root causes approaches to crime?

  They focus on costs to criminals over causes of crime
• What does the opportunity or rational choice theory suggest about criminals?

  Criminals weigh costs and benefits before committing crimes
• What is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

  Target hardening
• What did Chaiken et al. (1974) find about crime displacement?

  Crackdown on subway crime displaced it to streets
• What are the forms of crime displacement identified?

  Spatial, temporal, target, tactical, functional
• What did Felson and Clarke (1998) find about CCTV assumptions?

  Offenders assume CCTV is in adjoining areas
• What are the limitations of situational crime prevention measures?

  Focus on working-class crime, ignore root causes
• What criticism did Norris and Armstrong (1999) have about CCTV?

  Operators focus disproportionately on young males
• How can social inequality be exacerbated by situational crime prevention?

  Affluent can afford security measures, poor cannot
• What is the 'Broken Windows' theory by Wilson and Kelling?

  Signs of disorder signal lack of community care
• What do Wilson and Kelling argue about disorder in neighborhoods?

  It leads to deterioration and attracts deviants
• What two strategies do Wilson and Kelling propose to combat disorder?

  Environmental improvement and zero tolerance policing
• What was the outcome of zero-tolerance policing in New York from 1993 to 1996?

  50% decrease in murder and crime rates
• What factors contributed to the decline in crime rates during the zero-tolerance period?

  Extra police, economic improvements, reduced crack availability
• What is a criticism of environmental crime prevention strategies?

  They can lead to gentrification and displacement
• What do social and community crime prevention strategies emphasize?

  Removing conditions that predispose individuals to crime
• What was the Perry School Project?

  An intervention project for disadvantaged black youths
• What were the results of the Perry School Project?

  Lower arrest rates and higher college attendance
• What is a potential issue with zero tolerance policing according to evaluations?

  Over-emphasis on minor offences diverts police focus
• What do critics say about Right Realist crime prevention policies?

  They ignore white-collar and corporate crime
• How do Right Realist policies view offenders' decision-making?

  They assume offenders act rationally for benefits
• What is surveillance defined as?

  Monitoring public behavior for crime control
• What historical forms of surveillance existed before modern methods?

  Warnings, banishments, corporal punishment, execution
• What modern forms of surveillance are mentioned?

  CCTV, biometric scanning, ANPR, electronic tagging
• What does Foucault argue about prisons and surveillance?

  Prisons are systems of constant scrutiny
• What are the two forms of punishment described by Foucault?

  Sovereign power and disciplinary power
• How does sovereign power differ from disciplinary power?

  Sovereign power uses visible punishment, disciplinary power monitors
• What does Foucault suggest about the shift from sovereign to disciplinary power?

  It was seen as more efficient for control
• What is the Panopticon prison an example of?

  An example of sovereign power in surveillance
• What institutions did Foucault argue were used for disciplinary power?

  Prisons, asylums, and other institutions
• What does surveillance control according to the text?

  It controls the body, mind, or soul.
• Why did some believe disciplinary power emerged in Western societies?

  Brutal punishment was seen as inhumane.
• What is Foucault's view on the shift to disciplinary power?

  It was more efficient at controlling people.
• How does sovereign power differ from disciplinary power?

  Sovereign power violently represses offenders.
• How is the Panopticon prison an example of sovereign power?

  • It represents the control through surveillance.
  • It embodies the shift from punishment to monitoring.
• What institutions did Foucault argue used disciplinary power in the 19th century?

  Prisons, asylums, barracks, factories, schools.