1 intro

• Who founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What does structuralism study according to Wundt?

  The structure of the mind and consciousness
• What is the method used by Wundt to study consciousness?

  Introspection
• What does behaviorism focus on according to John B. Watson?

  Observable behavior and operant/classical conditioning
• What is the main goal of cognitive neuroscience?

  Study neural substrates of mental processes
• What type of observation involves participants being aware they are observed?

  Overt observation
• What is a single dissociation in case studies?

  One task is impaired, another is normal
• How does double dissociation strengthen evidence in cognitive psychology?

  Two patients show opposite task performances
• What is the purpose of structured observation?

  To provide quantitative data through coding schemes
• What is the main limitation of experimental cognitive psychology?

  Ecological validity
• What do event-related potentials (ERPs) measure?

  Electrical brain activity on the scalp
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of structured and unstructured observation?

  **Structured Observation:**

  • Strength: Provides quantitative data
  • Weakness: May miss important behaviors

  
  

  **Unstructured Observation:**

  • Strength: Provides rich qualitative data
  • Weakness: Difficult to analyze
• What are the steps in the experimentation process?

  1. Identify the problem and formulate a hypothesis
  2. Design the experiment
  3. Conduct the experiment
  4. Evaluate the hypothesis
  5. Communicate the results
• What is the significance of cognitive neuroscience in psychology?

  • Studies neural substrates of mental processes
  • Uses brain-imaging techniques
  • Multidisciplinary field combining cognitive science and neuropsychology
• What is the role of case studies in cognitive neuropsychology?

  • Understand brain structure and function
  • Study cognitive performance in brain-damaged patients
  • Build theories about normal cognition from abnormal cognition
• What is the significance of the cognitive revolution in psychology?

  • Reaction against behaviorism
  • Emphasized interdisciplinary communication
  • Led to the development of cognitive science
• What is the importance of memory in cognitive psychology?

  • Essential for acquiring and using knowledge
  • Involves processes of storage and retrieval
  • Influences behavior and decision-making
• How does cognitive psychology apply to everyday life?

  • Enhances understanding of learning processes
  • Improves memory techniques
  • Informs practices in education and clinical settings
• What is cognition?


  The acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge
• What is a stimulus error?

  Describing the object of the experience, rather than the object itself
• What did William James introduce into cognitive psychology?

  1. Insisted on psychology as a functional science
  2. Introduced the concept of a stream of consciousness
• What is functionalism?


  1. The study of mental operations, not mental structures
  2. The mind and body are of the same entity
• What is a covert observation?

  When the participants are unaware they are being observed