4 memory systems

• What are the two basic types of memory systems?

  Short-term memory and long-term memory
• What is a 'flashbulb memory'?

  A vivid memory of an emotional event
• Why is memory essential for understanding ourselves?

  It helps us comprehend our experiences and identity
• What does the quote by Luis Buñuel imply about memory?

  Memory is crucial for our existence and identity
• What are the two types of sensory memory?

  Visual iconic and speech-based echoic
• What happens to recall performance when a tone is presented immediately after letters?

  Recall performance is excellent
• What does rapid decay in sensory memory indicate?

  Information fades quickly in the sensory store
• What is the mean capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  Around 7 items
• What is 'chunking' in memory?

  Grouping items into meaningful segments
• What did Peterson & Peterson (1959) study about short-term memory duration?

  They examined recall performance over time
• What does the modal/stage model suggest about learning?

  Learning depends on processing, not storage time
• What is the 'Magic Number' in short-term memory according to Miller?

  7, plus or minus 2
• What did Craik & Tulving (1975) study regarding levels of processing?

  They explored how material is processed
• What is working memory?

  Short-term memory plus processing
• What does long-term memory have in terms of capacity?

  No known limits in capacity or duration
• What did Standing's work in the 1970s reveal about long-term memory?

  It has extremely large capacity
• What does Melton (1963) suggest about STM and LTM storage?

  They share the same characteristics and principles
• What is the significance of primacy and recency effects in memory recall?

  They indicate how memory retrieval works
• What is the recency effect?

  Better recall of items presented last
• What does temporal discrimination explain?

  How recency effect is observed in memory
• What do neuropsychological double-dissociations indicate?

  Partial independence of cognitive functions
• What type of amnesia did Patient HM have?

  Severe anterograde amnesia
• What was the result of Patient HM's memory tests?

  Spared digit span and recency in recall
• What does the double dissociation between Patient KF and others suggest?

  Evidence for STM and LTM distinction
• What is an example of long-term memory recall?

  Remembering your A-level results
• What characterizes flashbulb memory?

  Vivid memory of emotional public events
• What factors determine efficient encoding of flashbulb memories?

  Surprise, emotionality, and personal importance
• What did Hirst et al. (2015) find about flashbulb memories over time?

  Rapid forgetting occurs in the first year
• What do Pezdek (2003) and Ost et al. (2002) suggest about flashbulb memories?

  They can include recall of non-existent events
• How is memory described in the study material?

  A collection of separate but interacting systems
• What are the three separable processes in memory systems?

  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the modal/stage model of memory?

  Strengths:

  • Provides a clear framework for understanding memory stages
  • Highlights the importance of processing

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Oversimplifies memory processes
  • Doesn't account for individual differences
• What is the significance of the levels of processing theory?

  • Emphasizes the depth of processing
  • Suggests deeper processing leads to better retention
  • Contrasts with simple storage models
• What evidence supports the distinction between short-term and long-term memory?

  • Neuropsychological studies (e.g., Patient HM)
  • Double dissociations in memory tasks
  • Primacy and recency effects in recall
• What are the characteristics of flashbulb memories?

  • Vivid and detailed recollections
  • Often linked to emotional events
  • Subject to inaccuracies over time
• What role does rehearsal play in memory retention?

  • Enhances encoding of information
  • Aids in transferring memories to long-term storage
  • Can lead to distortions if incorrect information is repeated