science ❤❤❤❤😁😁😁(●'◡'●)( ̄y▽, ̄)╭ (⓿_⓿)

    Cards (59)

    • What is the definition of diffusion?
      Movement of particles from high to low concentration
    • What is the process of diffusion?
      Movement of particles from high to low concentration
    • How does a steeper concentration gradient affect diffusion?
      It increases the rate of diffusion
    • How do particles move during diffusion?
      Randomly from high to low concentration
    • Does diffusion require energy?
      No, it does not require energy
    • What happens when equilibrium is reached in diffusion?
      Concentration becomes equal throughout
    • What is the difference in diffusion rates when comparing Na+ concentrations of 18 vs 4 and 10 vs 4?
      Diffusion is faster at 18 vs 4
    • What are the two types of concentration gradients shown in the image?
      • Lower CG
      • Higher CG
    • How does a greater concentration gradient (CG) affect the diffusion rate?
      A greater CG means faster diffusion rate.
    • Why does diffusion occur without external energy?
      Particles naturally seek a more dispersed state
    • What does the diffusion rate depend on?
      The steepness of the concentration gradient
    • How does diffusion relate to concentration gradients?
      Particles move down the concentration gradient
    • How do the lower and higher CG diagrams differ?
      • Lower CG has fewer, more concentrated members
      • Higher CG has more, less concentrated members
      • Higher CG indicates faster diffusion rate
    • What is the goal of diffusion?
      To achieve equilibrium
    • What is the definition of a concentration gradient (CG)?
      A physical state in which the concentration of a solute or particle differs between two points in space, such as two opposing sides of a membrane.
    • If the external concentration of Na+ is 18 and internal is 4, how does this affect diffusion?
      Na+ ions diffuse faster
    • How could the information in this image be applied to understanding biological processes?
      • Understanding how concentration gradients drive diffusion of substances across cell membranes
      • Explaining how differences in ion concentrations between cellular compartments or across the cell membrane facilitate processes like signaling and transport
    • What factors affect diffusion rates?
      • Steepness of the concentration gradient
      • Temperature of the environment
      • Size of the particles
      • Surface area of the membrane
    • What factors influence the diffusion rate based on the information provided?
      • Concentration gradient (CG): A greater CG leads to faster diffusion
      • Membrane permeability: Factors affecting permeability would also impact diffusion rate
      • Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
      • Tissues are groups of similar cells working together (e.g., muscle tissue contracts to allow movement, epithelial tissue covers organs and surfaces of the body).
      • Organs are made of different tissues performing a function (e.g., the heart pumps blood, the lungs enable gas exchange).
      • Organ systems are groups of organs working together (e.g., the digestive system processes food to extract nutrients).
      • cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
    • What is the primary function of digestion?
      Breaks down large molecules for absorption
    • What are the key organs and enzymes involved in digestion?
      • Mouth: Amylase starts starch digestion; teeth for mechanical digestion.
      • Oesophagus: Peristalsis pushes food to stomach.
      • Stomach: Protease (pepsin) digests proteins; hydrochloric acid kills bacteria.
      • Liver: Produces bile to neutralize stomach acid and emulsify fats.
      • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase).
      • Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients using villi.
      • Large intestine: Absorbs excess water and forms faeces.
    • What enzyme starts starch digestion in the mouth?
      Amylase
    • What is the role of the oesophagus in digestion?
      Pushes food to the stomach
    • What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?
      Kills bacteria and provides acidic conditions
    • What does the liver produce for digestion?
      Bile
    • What is the function of bile?
      Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats
    • Which organ produces digestive enzymes?
      Pancreas
    • What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?
      Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
    • What are villi?
      Tiny projections that absorb nutrients
    • What does the large intestine do?
      Absorbs excess water and forms faeces
    • How is bread digested in the body?
      Broken down by amylase
    • What are the three key digestive enzymes?
      Amylase, protease, lipase
    • What does amylase do?
      Breaks down starch into sugars
    • Where is protease found?
      Stomach and pancreas
    • What is the lock and key model in enzyme specificity?
      Substrate fits enzyme’s active site exactly
    • How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
      High temperature denatures the enzyme
    • What is denaturation in enzymes?
      Active site changes shape, stopping function
    • What is the structure of the heart?
      Four chambers: atria and ventricles
    • What prevents backflow of blood in the heart?
      Valves