TERMS

• If tc > tv, reject Ho (hypothesis)
• If tc < tv, do not reject Ho (hypothesis)
• Regress - means the act of passing or how points are scattered with reference to the trend line
• Population refers to a group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas to which any conclusions based on characteristics of a sample will be applied.
• Parameter describes the population and refers to the characteristics of the sample population.
• Inferential Statistics is a process by which we infer population properties from sample properties.
• Inferential Statistics deals with drawing conclusions about the population using a sample.
• Data is pieces of information/facts for reference and can appear as a numerical figure.
• Qualitative Data uses categories or attributes that are distinguished by some non-numeric characteristics.
• Quantitative Data consists of numbers representing counts or measurements.
• Discrete Data can assume a finite or countable number of values.
• Continuous Data can assume an infinity of many possible values.
• Discrete Data cannot be represented by fractions or decimal numbers.
• Continuous Data values are obtained by measuring (e.g. body temperatures).
• Primary data refers to information gathered directly from the original source, while secondary data is taken from a secondary source.
• Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
• Sample is a subgroup of the population.
• Statistic describes the samples and refers to the characteristics of the samples.
• Independent data is not affected by any other data, while dependent data is affected by controlling data.
• A variable is a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being studied.
• Discrete variables have values obtained by counting, while continuous variables have values obtained by measuring.
• Nominal scales classify elements into two or more categories or classes, while ordinal scales rank elements.
• Nominal scale (naming): Gender, eye color, hair color, marital status, citizenship
• Ordinal scale (ordering): Scale 1-10, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
• Interval scale : Temperature (0°C, 37.5K), speed, IQ
• Ratio scale : Height, weight, area, pulse rate
• Mean - the average value of a data set, calculated by dividing the total value of observations by the number of observations.
• Median - the middle value in a distribution, either the middle number if the number of elements is odd or the average of the two middle numbers if the number of elements is even.
• Mode - the most commonly occurring value(s) in a distribution
• Unimodal - distribution or data set with one mode
• Multimodal - distribution or data set with more than one mode
• Bimodal - distribution or data set with two modes
• Trimodal - distribution or data set with three modes
• Distribution - listing or function showing all possible values of data and how often they occur
• Ungrouped data - raw data that is not sorted or classified into categories
• Range - simplest measure of variation, obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score
• Range is greatly affected by extreme values and is not a good measure of variability.
• Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data.
• Mean Absolute Deviation : The average of how much the data values differ from the mean.
• Variance: A measure of dispersion that determines how far or clustered data points are from their average value.