Bio.

• Name at least three parts of an animal cell.

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria
• Name at least six parts of a plant cell.

  Cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole
• What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?

  Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the activities of the cell
• What is the function of the mitochondria in the cell?

  They are the 'powerhouses' of the cell and the site of aerobic respiration
• What is the function of the cytoplasm in the cell?

  A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place
• Compare the cell wall and cell membrane of a cell.

  • Cell wall is made of cellulose; cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins.
  • Cell wall supports the cell and maintains shape; cell membrane allows substances into and out of the cell.
• Give one similarity and one difference between an animal cell and a fungal cell.

  Similarity:

  • Both have cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

  
  

  Difference:

  • Fungal cells also have a vacuole and a cell wall.
• Describe the difference between the cell wall of a plant cell and a fungal cell.

  • A plant cell wall is made of cellulose.
  • A fungal cell wall is made of chitin.
• Where is the genetic material of a bacterial cell found?

  As a loop of DNA within the cytoplasm—no nucleus!
• What is a cell?

  Cells are the basic units of life; every living thing is made of cells.
• What is the function of a chloroplast?

  Site of photosynthesis; allows the cell to make its own food using light energy.
• A microscope has an eyepiece lens magnification of x10 and an objective lens magnification of x4. What is the total magnification?

  40 times magnification
• What is the function of the ribosome?

  Protein synthesis (makes proteins)
• A cell divides every 20 minutes. How many cells would be produced from one original cell at the end of 2 hours?

  64 cells
• Why would bacterial cells have been discovered much later than plant cells?

  Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant cells, requiring more powerful microscopes to see them.
• Do all plant cells contain chloroplasts? Explain.

  No, only plant cells with access to sunlight for photosynthesis contain chloroplasts; root cells do not.
• What name is given to chemicals used to make cell structures more visible under the microscope?

  Stains
• What is the function of the vacuole?

  Filled with cell sap; regulates water content by osmosis.
• What is diffusion?

  The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
• Give the definition of osmosis.

  The movement of water particles from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration, down a concentration gradient, through a semi-permeable membrane.
• What is active transport?

  The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy.
• Name three substances that can move by diffusion in animals.

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose
• What is a concentration gradient?

  The difference between two concentrations.
• Name two types of molecules found in the cell membrane.

  Phospholipids and proteins
• Describe the difference between plant and animal cells when placed in a solution of high water concentration.

  • A plant cell will become turgid as water moves in.
  • An animal cell will burst due to excess water intake.
• Why does a red blood cell shrink when placed in a concentrated salt solution?

  Water moves down the concentration gradient, out of the cell into the salt solution, making the cell shrink.
• What term is used to describe the effect on a plant cell that has been placed in a concentrated salt solution?

  Plasmolysed
• Describe the effect of osmosis on a red blood cell when placed in pure water.

  The cell would swell and burst.
• Name the structure present in plant cells which prevents them from bursting when full of water.

  Cell wall
• Name the process by which oxygen enters cells.

  Diffusion
• Name a type of passive transport.

  Diffusion and/or osmosis
• What is required for active transport to occur?

  Energy (ATP)
• What process is responsible for moving glucose molecules from low concentration in the kidney into the bloodstream, an area of high glucose concentration?

  Active transport
• Name one difference between active and passive transport.

  • Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.
  • Passive transport involves movement from higher concentration to lower concentration, while active transport is the opposite.
• State a feature of the cell membrane that allows the movement of only some substances into the cell.

  It is semi (selectively)-permeable and/or contains protein channels.
• Describe the effect of osmosis on a leaf cell when placed in pure water.

  The cell would swell and become turgid.
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Describe the base-pair rule.

  A always pairs with T; C always pairs with G.
• What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

  A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome.
• Describe the structure of DNA.

  Double-stranded helix