women and crime

• What did Heidensohn and Silvestri (2012) find about gender differences in crime?

  They are the most significant differences in recorded crime.
• What percentage of women have a criminal conviction by age 40?

  9%
• What type of offences are female offenders more likely to be convicted of?

  Property related offences, except burglary.
• Who is more likely to be a repeat offender?

  Men
• What did Pollack (1950) suggest about the treatment of women in the criminal justice system?

  Men dislike accusing women to punish them.
• What does the Chivalry Thesis argue about female offenders?

  They are treated with more leniency by agencies.
• What is one statistical evidence supporting the Chivalry Thesis?

  Female offenders are more likely to be released on bail.
• What is the comparison of prison sentences for shoplifting between female and male offenders?

  1 in 9 female offenders receive prison sentences.
• What do many feminists argue against the Chivalry Thesis?

  The criminal justice system is biased against women.
• What is double deviance according to Heidensohn (1996)?

  Women are treated harshly for deviating from norms.
• What does Carlen (1997) argue about women's sentencing?

  It is based on their roles as wives/mothers/daughters.
• What do feminists argue about double standards in the criminal justice system?

  They are patriarchal, especially in rape cases.
• What does Judge Wild's quote imply about women's consent in rape cases?

  It suggests ambiguity in women's refusal.
• What does Walklate (1998) argue about rape trials?

  The victim must prove her respectability.
• What did Adler (1987) believe about women lacking respectability in court?

  They struggle to have their testimony believed.
• What does Parsons (1955) trace gender differences in crime to?

  Gender roles in the nuclear family.
• What roles do men and women have in the nuclear family according to Parsons?

  Men have the instrumental role, women the expressive role.
• How do gender roles affect boys' socialization according to Cohen?

  Boys struggle to socialize and join gangs.
• What do the New Right argue about single-parent families?

  Lack of a father figure leads boys to gangs.
• What does Heidensohn (1996) believe about patriarchal control over women?

  It reduces their opportunities to offend.
• How does control at home affect women's offending opportunities?

  It confines them to their home, reducing opportunities.
• What is 'bedroom culture' as mentioned in the study material?

  Control limits daughters' freedom to go out.
• How are women controlled in public according to the study material?

  By the threat of male attacks.
• What did Lees note about boys' control in schools?

  Boys maintain control through sexualized verbal abuse.
• How is women's behavior controlled at work?

  Through sexual harassment by male supervisors.
• What did Carlen find about serious female offenders?

  Most are from a working-class background.
• What are the two types of deals in Hirschi’s control theory?

  Class deal and gender deal.
• What does the class deal promise women?

  Material rewards and decent living standards.
• What does the gender deal promise women?

  Material and emotional rewards from family life.
• What does Adler (1975) argue about women's liberation and crime?

  Women's crimes will become as serious as men's.
• How have changes in society's structure affected women's offending behavior?

  Women adopt traditionally male roles in crime.
• What types of offences are women committing more of according to the Liberation Thesis?

  White collar crime and violence.
• What does Heidensohn show about patriarchal controls?

  They prevent women from deviating from norms.
• What does Carlen show about patriarchal deals?

  Failure of deals removes controls preventing offending.
• What do control theory and feminism assume about women's offending behavior?

  It is determined by external factors.
• What is the socioeconomic status of most female criminals?

  They are mostly working class.
• What did Chesney-Lind (1997) find about female criminals in America?

  Poor women are more likely to become criminals.
• What did Chesney-Lind find about female offenders and male offences?

  Link to sex work influences their offending.
• What evidence is there about women's liberation and professional crime?

  Little evidence shows it has increased professional crime.
• What did Hand and Dodd (2009) find about women arrested for violence?

  Increased by 17% each year from 2000-2008.