Comparison of Approaches

• What does the nature perspective suggest about behavior?

  Behavior is innate and determined by genetics
• What does the nurture perspective emphasize about behavior?

  Behavior is learned and influenced by external factors
• Who are the supporters of the nurture view?

  Empiricists who believe knowledge is gained through experience
• What are the main approaches in psychology regarding nature vs nurture?

  • Behaviourism: Nurture, learned through conditioning
  • Biological: Nature, inborn factors like genetics
  • Social Learning Theory: Nurture, observational learning
  • Cognitive: Both, innate abilities shaped by experience
  • Psychodynamic: Nature dominant, unconscious drives
  • Humanistic: Nurture dominant, self-actualization shaped by environment
• What does free will suggest about human behavior?

  Individuals can control and choose their own behavior
• What is hard determinism?

  Forces outside our control shape our behavior
• What is soft determinism?

  Behavior is determined but allows for some free will
• How do different approaches view free will and determinism?

  • Behaviourism: Environmental determinism
  • Biological: Biological determinism
  • Social Learning Theory: Soft determinism
  • Cognitive: Soft determinism
  • Psychodynamic: Psychic determinism
  • Humanistic: Free will
• What is reductionism in psychology?

  Breaking behavior into simpler component parts
• What is holism in psychology?

  Viewing behavior as a whole experience
• How do different approaches relate to reductionism and holism?

  • Behaviourist: Environmental reductionism
  • Biological: Biological reductionism
  • Social Learning Theory: Both
  • Cognitive: Machine reductionism
  • Psychodynamic: Both
  • Humanistic: Holistic
• What does idiographic research focus on?

  Individual experiences using qualitative data
• What does nomothetic research aim to achieve?

  General laws based on large samples
• How do different approaches relate to idiographic and nomothetic research?

  • Behaviourist: Nomothetic
  • Biological: Nomothetic
  • Social Learning Theory: Nomothetic
  • Cognitive: Both
  • Psychodynamic: Both
  • Humanistic: Idiographic
• How can different approaches explain psychological disorders?

  • All approaches explain behavior and have practical applications
  • Treatments improve quality of life
• What is one way SLT theory overlaps with the cognitive approach?

  Both consider mediational processes in learning
• What is a similarity between the behaviorist and cognitive approaches?

  Both use experimental methods to investigate behavior
• What is a similarity between the biological and behaviorist approaches?

  Both are nomothetic and deterministic
• What is one difference between the biological and behaviorist approaches?

  Biological emphasizes nature, behaviorist emphasizes nurture
• What are two similarities between the biological and psychodynamic approaches?

  Both are nomothetic and deterministic
• What is one similarity between the cognitive and psychodynamic approaches?

  Both produce general laws about mental processes
• What is one similarity between the cognitive and humanistic approaches?

  Both consider individual experiences in behavior
• What is one similarity between the behaviorist and biological approaches?

  Both are reductionist in their explanations
• What is one difference between the humanistic and psychodynamic approaches?

  Humanistic emphasizes free will, psychodynamic emphasizes determinism
• What is one way the behaviorist approach explains psychological disorders?

  Through learned behaviors from conditioning
• What is one way the cognitive approach explains psychological disorders?

  By examining faulty mental processes
• What is one way the humanistic approach explains psychological disorders?

  By emphasizing self-actualization and personal growth
• What is one way the biological approach explains psychological disorders?

  By examining genetic and physiological factors
• What is one way the psychodynamic approach explains psychological disorders?

  By exploring unconscious conflicts from childhood
• What is one way the social learning theory explains psychological disorders?

  By examining behaviors learned through observation
• What is one way the humanistic approach treats psychological disorders?

  By promoting self-actualization and personal responsibility
• What is one way the cognitive approach treats psychological disorders?

  By correcting faulty thought patterns
• What is one way the biological approach treats psychological disorders?

  By using medication to address physiological issues
• What is one way the psychodynamic approach treats psychological disorders?

  By exploring unconscious conflicts through therapy
• What is one way the behaviorist approach treats psychological disorders?

  By using conditioning techniques to modify behavior
• What is one way the social learning theory treats psychological disorders?

  By modeling positive behaviors for learning
• What is one way the humanistic approach improves quality of life?

  By fostering personal growth and self-acceptance
• What is one way the cognitive approach improves quality of life?

  By helping individuals change negative thought patterns
• What is one way the biological approach improves quality of life?

  By providing medication for mental health issues
• What is one way the psychodynamic approach improves quality of life?

  By resolving unconscious conflicts through therapy