ethnicity and crime

• What percentage of the prison population do BAME adults represent?

  Around 25%
• What do official statistics suggest about ethnicities in the criminal justice system?

  Significant differences in likelihood of involvement
• What percentage of the general population do Black people make up?

  Approximately 3%
• What percentage of the prison population do Black people represent?

  13%
• What percentage of the general population do Asian people make up?

  Approximately 6.9%
• What percentage of the prison population do Asian people represent?

  8%
• What do victim surveys allow victims to state?

  The ethnicity of their offender
• What is a limitation of victim surveys according to Phillips and Bowling (2012)?

  Victims may 'over identify' black suspects
• What types of crimes do victim surveys cover?

  Only personal crimes
• What do self-report studies ask people to disclose?

  Their own dishonest and violent behavior
• What did Graham and Bowling (1995) find about offending rates?

  White and black rates were similar
• What were the offending rates for Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi individuals according to Graham and Bowling (1995)?

  30%, 28%, and 13%
• What stereotype do self-report studies challenge?

  That black people are more likely to offend
• What issue arises from the different alternative statistics?

  Consistency issues based on who completes them
• How much more likely were black people to be stopped and searched in 2020 compared to white people?

  9 times more likely
• How much more likely were Asian people to be stopped and searched compared to white people in 2020?

  Twice as likely
• What are three possible reasons for the disproportionate use of stop and search?

  Police racism, ethnic differences, demographic factors
• What did the Macpherson report (1999) highlight?

  Racism within the Metropolitan police
• What did Phillips and Bowling (2012) find about police stereotypes?

  Police have negative stereotypes about minorities
• What do some argue about ethnic differences in offending and stop and search?

  It reflects ethnic differences in offending
• What demographic factors contribute to the disproportionate use of stop and search?

  Minorities in groups more likely to be stopped
• What has research found about the CPS and ethnic minority groups?

  CPS is more likely to drop cases against them
• Why might the CPS drop cases against ethnic minorities according to Phillips and Bowling (2002)?

  Evidence is often weaker and based on stereotypes
• What do studies suggest about Black and Asian defendants in court?

  Less likely to be found guilty
• What did Hood (1992) find about black men and custodial sentences?

  5% more likely to receive custodial sentences
• How much longer were black men’s sentences compared to white men’s according to Hood (1992)?

  Three months longer
• What percentage of the prison population were from an ethnic minority in 2021?

  Just over a quarter
• How much more likely were black people to be in prison compared to white people?

  Four times more likely
• What is true about Black and Asian offenders' sentences compared to white offenders?

  They serve longer sentences
• What do Left Realists argue about racism and minority ethnic groups?

  It leads to marginalisation and economic exclusion
• What do Lea and Young argue about deviant subcultures?

  They create higher amounts of utilitarian crime
• What do Left Realists acknowledge about police behavior?

  Police act in a racist way
• What criticism do Lea and Young face regarding police racism?

  How they view the role and impact of police racism
• Why might arrest rates for Asian people be lower than for black people?

  Police have stereotyped them differently
• How have stereotypes of Asian people changed since 9/11?

  From passive to dangerous
• What does Gilroy argue about black crime?

  It represents a culture of resistance
• What historical struggles does Gilroy link to black crime?

  Earlier anti-imperialistic struggles
• How does Gilroy view the criminalization of black resistance?

  As a political struggle criminalized by the state
• What does Hall et al. argue about the moral panic in the 1970s?

  It was a purposeful distraction from real problems
• Who did Hall et al. believe served as a scapegoat during the moral panic?

  Black people