WK7 Understanding Emotions, Feelings, and Thoughts

• What are the primary emotions expressed by children?

  Joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust
• How are primary emotions thought to be developed?

  They are thought to be innate
• What evidence suggests emotional expressions are universal?

  Cross-cultural similarity in emotional expressions
• At what age do social smiles typically appear?

  3-8 weeks
• When do infants typically start to laugh?

  About 4 months
• What is the difference between sadness and anger in infants?

  Sadness appears from 3 months, anger from 4-6 months
• What triggers frustration in infants according to Lewis et al. (1990)?

  Loss of control over events
• At what age does stranger anxiety typically develop?

  6-8 months
• What does separation anxiety indicate in infants?

  Requires familiarity with caregivers
• What is the evolutionary response associated with disgust?

  Defensive reflex to unpleasant stimuli
• Do infants experience emotions or just have states according to Lewis (2002)?

  They have states but not full experiences
• What is required for self-conscious emotions to develop?

  Knowing societal standards and having a sense of self
• At what age does exposure embarrassment typically appear?

  15-24 months
• What is evaluative embarrassment linked to?

  Gap between self-evaluation and ideal self
• How does pride manifest in children?

  Through self-evaluation in context of achievement
• What distinguishes guilt from shame?

  Guilt is specific, while shame is global
• What did Barrett et al. (1993) find about toddlers' emotional responses?

  Some are shame-prone, others guilt-prone
• What is emotional contagion in infants?

  Recognition of others' emotions without understanding
• What is social referencing in emotional development?

  Reading a caregiver's emotions and expressions
• At what age can children identify happy situations?

  At 2 years old
• When do children begin to understand complex emotions?

  Complex emotions emerge later in development
• What do preschoolers understand about emotional deception?

  They can display one emotion while feeling another
• What did Saarni (1984) find about children's emotional responses to disappointing gifts?

  Age 6 boys showed negative responses
• At what age do children recognize that different children react differently to situations?

  By age 8
• What do 10-11-year-olds understand about mixed emotions?

  They understand ambivalence in feelings
• What influences emotional regulation in children?

  Parental expression and reactions to emotions
• How do cultural differences affect emotional development?

  Cultural beliefs influence emotional expression
• What is the role of attachment in emotional expression?

  Secure attachment allows acceptable emotional expression
• What is the significance of the theory of mind?

  It allows predicting and explaining behavior
• What is joint attention in infancy?

  Following another's gaze and pointing
• At what age do children begin to distinguish between reality and mental states?

  By age 3
• What do 2-year-olds understand about desires?

  Desires can influence behavior
• What do 3-year-olds understand about beliefs?

  They predict actions based on true beliefs
• What is the limitation of 3-year-olds' understanding of theory of mind?

  They may not grasp that beliefs can misrepresent
• What are the key components of emotional development in children?

  • Expression of primary emotions
  • Expression of self-conscious emotions
  • Understanding of emotions
  • Influences on emotional development
• What are the stages of emotional development in the first three years?

  1. Expression of primary emotions
  2. Development of self-conscious emotions
  3. Understanding emotions
  4. Influences on emotional development
• What factors influence emotional development in children?

  • Temperament
  • Attachment styles
  • Parental expression and reactions
  • Cultural differences
• What are the differences between primary and self-conscious emotions?

  • Primary emotions: innate, universal, basic
  • Self-conscious emotions: develop later, require self-awareness and societal standards
• What is the significance of parental reactions to children's emotions?

  • Support and sympathy are beneficial
  • Negative emotions can be harmful
  • Discussion of emotions enhances understanding
• What are the implications of cultural differences on emotional expression?

  • Varies by caregiving practices
  • Influences emotional expression and understanding
  • Affects the development of display rules