WK8 Moral Development

• What are the main topics covered in Week 8 of PS218?

  Development of moral reasoning and behavior
• What are the key components of moral reasoning development?

  • Perspectives on moral development
  • Stage theories of moral reasoning
  • Associations between stage and behavior

  
• Who proposed the first systematic theory of moral development?

  Piaget

  
• What is the difference between prosocial and antisocial behavior?

  Prosocial benefits others; antisocial harms others
• How is the morality of an action determined?

  By intentions and actual behavior
• What are the two theoretical perspectives on moral development?

  “Moral Reasoning” and “Social-learning” approaches
• What does Piaget's theory of moral reasoning focus on?

  Cognitive aspects of moral behaviors
• At what age do children not understand rules according to Piaget?

  Before ~age 5
• How do children view rules before age 10 according to Piaget?

  As inflexible
• What is moral realism in Piaget's theory?

  Rules are seen as reality by children

  
• What is moral relativism in Piaget's theory?

  Rules are understood as social interactions

  
• What is the shift in social relations according to Piaget?

  From adult commanded to peer-negotiated
• What does Kohlberg's stage approach focus on?

  Reasoning behind moral decisions

  
• How many stages are in Kohlberg's moral development theory?

  6 stages

  
• What are the three levels of Kohlberg's moral development?

  Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

  
• What is the significance of Heinz's dilemma in Kohlberg's theory?

  It illustrates moral reasoning processes

  
• How do responses to Kohlberg's dilemmas vary?

  They reflect changes in social perspective
• What did Gilligan argue about moral reasoning?

  It includes care orientation and justice orientation
• What did the meta-analysis of 113 studies conclude about gender differences in moral reasoning?

  Small or no gender differences found
• What is the ethnocentric view in moral development?

  Higher stages seen as morally better
• What does equilibration refer to in moral reasoning?

  Adopting reasoning adequate for the environment
• What did Heyman et al. (2009) find about children's understanding of lying?

  Children evaluate lying by context by age 7
• What is Damon’s distributive justice approach?

  Focuses on sharing leftover money fairly

  
• How do children show intuitive understanding of moral rules?

  Through their naturalistic behavior
• What did Sloane et al. (2012) find about infants and fairness?

  Infants look longer at unequal divisions
• What is the difference between moral and socio-conventional issues?

  Moral issues involve justice and fairness
• How does moral reasoning relate to delinquency according to Tarry & Emler (2007)?

  Delinquents show lower levels of moral reasoning
• What are the factors influencing the development of prosocial and antisocial behavior?

  • Genetics
  • Family environment
  • Peer influence
  • Media exposure
• What is prosocial behavior?

  Behavior intended to promote others' welfare
• What is antisocial behavior?

  Behavior that harms individuals or groups
• Are prosocial and antisocial behaviors opposite ends of the same dimension?

  Some support for this idea exists
• What are the key differences between moral and social conventional issues?

  • Moral issues: justice and fairness
  • Social conventional issues: regulations for social order
• How can the paradigm used affect moral cognitions in children?

  It can affect the age of demonstration
• What is the relationship between moral actions and moral reasoning levels?

  Moral actions do not always match reasoning levels
• What defines prosocial behaviour?

  Behaviour intended to promote others' welfare
• What defines antisocial behaviour?

  Behaviour that harms individuals or groups
• Are prosocial and antisocial behaviours opposite ends of the same dimension?

  Some support suggests they may be
• What is the innate basis of prosocial behaviour?

  It can be explained via 'selfish gene' theory
• What is empathy?

  Feeling as the other feels
• What is sympathy?

  Feeling concern for another