Topic 3

• How did people know about heaven and hell?

  Most people couldn't read or write and they couldn't understand church services or religious texts because they were in Latin.

  People learned about the Bible stories through painting on church walls and glass windows
• Roles of the Church in Norman England - Religion

  Religion - main role of the Church was to ensure that people demonstrated their belief in God by going to Church, that they lived a good life and went to heaven.
• Roles of the Church in Norman England - Economic

  Economic - Church was a major landowner.

  Peasants had to work and church lands for free which took them away from working on their own lands and believed that God would punish them if they didn't work.

  Church collected tithes which was a tax on all that a farm produced in a year and could be paid in money, seeds, equipment which were stored in huge tithe barns.
• Role of the Church in Norman England - Law

  Church heard court cases for crimes carried out on Church lands, for example, theft, marrying a relative.

  The church then handed down justice in the king's name
• Role of the Church - Politics

  Archbishops, bishops, abbots and occasionally abbesses and priests were members of the Witan.

  Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Winchester were senior members
• Role of the Church Norman England - Education

  Church was the only institution that produced books.

  Texts were copied and illustrations were drawn by hand by monks

  Church could control what books were published
• Role of the Church in Norman England - Health

  Priests tried to cure sickness by praying for people or recommending they pay a penance in the form of money, pain or prayer
• Role of the Priest

  Helped the sick

  Held church services

  Heard confessions

  Married people

  Baptised children

  Local Priest advised all members from the community from the lord of the manor to the youngest peasant
• Why did people go on pilgrimages?

  To feel closer to God and Heaven

  People who could afford went to the Holy Land of Jerusalem

  Others made pilgrimages to abbeys and monasteries in England
• How religious was William I?

  He showed how religious and grateful he was for God's support at Hastings by building many new churches and cathedrals in England.

  Built an abbey on the site of the battle and enormous cathedrals such as Durham and Winchester.

  In Durham and Rochester cathedrals were built next to castles which made both buildings look impressive
• Holding positions of power in the Church

  Pluralism - Holding more than one position in the church

  Simony - selling positions or jobs in the church

  Nepotism - giving a job or office to someone only because they were a friend or relative of someone in the church

  Marriage - members of the clergy were not allowed to marry or have children and should have remained celibate
• William wanting reformation

  William had been reforming the Norman Church before his invasion

  He was so concerned about the corruption of the church that he refused to allow archbishop stigand to crown him as he held multiple positions of leadership in the church which was not allowed
• King William's changes to the church in England after 1066 - Bishop

  Bishops:

  Anglo-saxon bishops and archbishops were removed and replaced with Normans

  Archbishop Stigand was replaced by Lanfrac.

  By 1080 there was only one Anglo-Saxon bishop left
• King William's changes to the Church in England after 1066 - Architecture

  Architecture:

  Normans began rebuilding churches and cathedrals is Romanesque style, including Durham, Norwich and Winchester.

  This style favours clean lines with simple yet impressive design.
• King William's changes to the Church in England after 1066 - Organisation

  Organisation:

  Dioceses (areas of land served by a church or cathedral) were divided into archdeaconries which were further divided into deaneries

  New cathedrals were built in more important towns and cities such as Coventry, Salisbury and Lincoln
• King William's changes to the Church in England after 1066 - Legal Issues

  Legal Issues:

  1076 - council of Winchester ordered that only Church courts could try the clergy, meaning that people who worked for the church would be tried for their crimes in church courts rather than in local courts.

  William adhered Papal Law by reintroducing a tax of 1p which every household had to pay to the Pope

  1082 - Bishop Odo was arrested for attempting to tae a group of knights to the continent - William wanted him to be tried as an earl instead of a bishop so he could go to king's court
• King William's changes to the Church in England after 1066 - Parish priest

  Local priests were poorly educated

  Some were married and remained so even after the reforms
• Relationship Between Norman Kings and the Pope

  1066 - William, Duke of Normandy had Pope Alexander II's support with the Papal Banner at Hastings

  After battle - Pope ordered William and his men to do penance for all of the killing and destruction they had caused

  As a result William built Battle Abbey which was finished in 1095

  He used geld to extract money from religious houses which was continued by his son

  They both used religious positions to promote ore reward people but the Pope only had the power to do that which led to arguments between William II and Archbishop Anslem
• The Normans and the Wealth of the Church

  William I and his son used the church for personal gain.

  Normans took hold of Church offices and stole from English churches.

  In a monastery in Abingdon a Norman monk melted down a chandelier of 40 pounds worth of gold and silver which was roughly 35000 pounds today and carried off precious dishes to Normandy

  Ely - statues of the Virgin and Child were stripped of the gold, silver and gems that decorated them

  Normans often stole from English churches to enrich Norman ones .
• How important was Anslem?

  Archbishop Lanfrac died in 1089 and was not replaced, instead William II took money from the Church property while he managed the area himself.

  1091 - King Malcolm and the Scots attempt to invade

  William II refused to appoint anyone as Archbishop of Canterbury

  1093 - William II becomes ill and thought his illness might be due to his lack of piety and his greed

  He asked Anslem to hear is confession and administer his last rites.

  Anslem was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
• How important was Anslem

  Proposed reforms for the church in Europe that were based on those instigated by Pope Gregory VII between 1050 and 1080.

  Designed to deal with the morality and independence of the clergy.

  1097 - Anslem and William argued, Anslem wanted to flee to Rome to show he accepted the authority of the Pope over the king in Church affairs
• Church Reforms of Pope Gregory VII

  1073 - 1085

  Gregory believed that the Church should:

  Be independent of the monasteries of Europe and take care of its own affairs

  Remove corruption within the Church

  Develop the moral principles of the clergy

  Ensure that monks and priests were celibate
• Church Reforms of Pope Gregory VII

  1075 - Henry VI of Germany was excommunicated by the Pope as he refused to accept his reforms

  1078 - Pope banned Kings from appointing
• What were religious orders?

  Order is a group of religious people who follow the teachings of a particular holy person

  St Benedict was the most influential person whose teachings had been followed since the 6th century

  The first order to follow them was Benedictine Monks
• What did St Benedict Fine?

  A monastery in Monte Cassino where he wrote a set of rules for monks to live by

  After death, the Rule of St Benedict became the basic life guide for all monastic institutions

  His community became known as the Order of St Benedict which included monks and nuns who train for 4 years as novices

  They then have to agree to live by four vows - poverty, chastity, obedience and stability
• Vows


  Vow of poverty - monks and nuns have to give up wealth and personal possessions when they join a monastery

  Vow of Chastity - Abstaining from sex and other physical pleasure such as sweet food or alcohol

  Vow of Obedience - Monks and nuns have to obey the teaching of God through the Bible, their abbot/abbess and the rules of order

  Vow of Stability - Promise never to leave the monastic community for some this is never leaving the monastery
• Work Done by Monks and Nuns

  Their lives were meant to be harsh uncomfortable and painful.

  Lived in isolation away from distractions and corruption of everyday life

  Monasteries and Nunneries had to be self-sufficient so they produced their own food and materials

  Some religious houses employed lay brothers or lay sisters to carry out this work

  They believe that because Jesus suffered on the cross they should suffer to be closer to God
• Work Done by Monks and Nuns

  Some people joined the holy orders to escape the harsh realities of life - this was particularly for younger sons who couldn't inherit land due to primogeniture

  Majority of their lives were devoted to prayer

  Prayed in belief that they were praying for people to go to heaven

  People could pay for monasteries to pray in the hope of getting into heaven quicker.
• Work Done by Monks and Nuns

  Their work was considered to be divine - on behalf of God

  Monks copied books by hand in monastery scriptoriums

  Divine work also included tending to the sick, working in almonries giving alms to the poor, teaching in the community and some advised the king
• How did the Normans Reform Monasteries?

  William gave gifts of land and money to French monasteries and asked to send monks over to England.

  Between 1078 and 1082 a prior and three monks were sent to help set up a priory near William de Warennes's castle at Lewes

  By the end of the 11th century there were 36 Cluniac monasteries
• How did the Normans reform Monasteries?

  New abbeys and monasteries were built

  Monks were brought from Normandy to run the new abbeys and monasteries.

  Abbots became tenants, governing large areas of land and also had to provide knights as part of the feudal system.

  William I and his earls gave large amounts of money to abbeys and monasteries as part of their penance for the Battle of Hastings.
• How did the Normans change Education

  Size and number of towns increased so their was more need for a better education system

  People needed better literacy and numeracy skills in order to conduct trade

  Norman barons and knights wanted their children to have the best education possible

  Peasants generally received no education
• How did the Normans Change Education?

  Reform with monasticism meant children couldn't go in monasteries or convents.

  By the 12th century their were 40 schools

  By the 13th century their were 75 schools
• How did Education Develop?

  Lanfrac created a school in Normandy in 1042 and taught there for three years.

  Taught theology in a monastery in Normandy for 18 years

  The monastery became famous in Europe

  Archbishop Lanfrac and Anslem both promoted education and built libraries

  One function of the Church schools was to produce clergy and lay people who were literate
• Grammar Schools

  Students stayed at grammar schools for 4 years depending on the career path they wanted to take

  The learnt Latin grammar in detail as well as how to write and speak the language

  Notes were written on boards made of stone
• Grammar Schools

  School year started in September and there were 3 terms

  This enabled students to concentrate on bringing harvest in July and August

  Teacher sat in the middle of the room and children sat on benches around the outside

  If students were more successful they moved onto further study - at this stage all books and lectures were in Latin

  Those who didn't go onto further study could become merchants, parish clergy or secretarial clerks

  Subjects such as maths, accountancy and Law were not taught in grammar schools but were taught when students started work