Ps suspected the shocks weren't real: prestigious location--> demand characteristics --> reduce validity
Lack mundane realism: shocking a stranger for answering incorrectly on a memory test doesn't reflect real life situation
Lack generalisability: all American males. America = individualist country, independent behavior is a social norm -> a more collectivist cultures could have different findings
Lack ecological validity: lab setting, Ps beleived they were taking part in an academic study @ the prestigious Yale. little resemblance to real life situations (Holocaust)"