Reading in The Philippine History

• What is historiography?

  The study of how history is written
• What does historiography involve?

  How history is interpreted by various writers
• Is history totally objective?

  No, it has a subjective side
• What are the factors affecting historiography?

  1. Time it was written
  2. Bias of the writer
  3. Intentions of writing narrative
  4. Proximity to the event
• Who is known as the Father of History?

  Herodotus
• What is the title of Herodotus's work?

  The Histories
• What does Thucydides's writing style emphasize?

  Condensed and direct writing
• How does Thucydides explain historical events?

  In a scientific and impartial manner
• What does Giambattista Vico's work focus on?

  History of ideas, customs, and deeds
• What is Hegel's view of history?

  History has a telos (goal)
• What does Karl Marx emphasize in his historical analysis?

  Class struggle and material conditions
• What did Fernand Braudel found?

  The Annales school of History
• What does Michel Foucault argue about truth?

  There is no such thing as objective truth
• What is Zeus Salazar's concept of "Pantayong pananaw"?

  Using concepts understood by all
• What are the types of historical sources?

  1. Primary sources
  2. Secondary sources
• What defines primary historical sources?

  First-hand experience written during the event
• What are secondary historical sources?

  Interpretations of primary sources
• What are the elements of history?

  1. People
  2. Date
  3. Place
  4. Significance
• What are the controversies in Philippine history discussed?

  1. First Mass
  2. Cavite Mutiny
  3. Cry of Pugad Lawin
• Who provided an account of the First Mass in the Philippines?

  Antonio Pigafetta
• What did Pigafetta describe about the location of the First Mass?

  It is called Mazaua
• What did Fr. Urdaneta report about the Spaniards' journey?

  They attempted to call at Camiguin
• What was the goal of the soldiers during the Cavite Mutiny?

  To assassinate their officers
• When did the Cavite Mutiny start?

  January 20, 1872
• Why did the Cavite Mutiny fail?

  People mistook fireworks as a signal
• What did Rafael Izquierdo claim about the clergy's role?

  They encouraged the Indios to join
• What did Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera observe about the mutiny?

  Few soldiers participated in the attack
• Who led the meeting for the Cry of Pugad Lawin?

  Andres Bonifacio
• What happened on August 24, 1896, during the Cry of Pugad Lawin?

  They tore their cedula and shouted
• What is the nature of oral history?

  Unwritten sources suitable for oral transmission
• What is a danger of oral history?

  Conditioned by historian's social position
• How should oral history be interpreted?

  Requires critical evaluation with other sources
• What is the nature of local history?

  • Narrative in the local context
  • Concentrated in the local community
  • Important in building national history
• What defines a state according to the study material?

  A community with its own government
• What are the elements of a state?

  1. People
  2. Territory
  3. Government
  4. Sovereignty
• What are the powers of the state?

  1. Power of Eminent Domain
  2. Power of Taxation
  3. Police Power
• When was the Malolos Constitution ratified?

  January 21, 1899
• What historical event led to the creation of the Malolos Constitution?

  Philippine Revolution against Spain
• Who was the chairman of the commission for the Malolos Constitution?

  Felipe Calderon
• What is the term of the president under the Malolos Constitution?

  4 years with reelection