chronic diarrhea

• What is the definition of acute diarrhea (AD)?

  Temporary malabsorption of water and electrolytes
• What results from acute diarrhea?

  Increased frequency and volume of defecation
• What causes weight loss in acute diarrhea?

  Hydroelectrolytic loss leads to weight loss
• What are the main infectious causes of acute diarrhea?

  • Viral: rotavirus, enterovirus, adenovirus
  • Bacterial: E. coli, salmonella, shigella
  • Parasites: giardia, entamoeba
  • Fungal: candida albicans
• What are dietary errors that can cause acute diarrhea?

  Supra/under alimentation and wrong milk formula
• How can antibiotics contribute to acute diarrhea?

  They disrupt normal gut flora balance
• What is CMPA?

  Cow's milk protein allergy
• What are some inadequate care factors leading to acute diarrhea?

  Poor hygiene and extreme temperatures
• What age group is at higher risk for acute diarrhea?

  Children aged 0-3 months
• What are the factors related to the host in acute diarrhea?

  • Non-immunological elements: gastric acidity, enzymes
  • Immunological elements: T lymphocytes, IgA, IgE
• What must a pathogenic agent do to cause acute diarrhea?

  Colonize, compete for nutrients, communicate with cells
• What are the specific pathogenic mechanisms in bacterial acute diarrhea?

  • Enteroinvasive mechanism
  • Enterotoxigen mechanism
  • Cytotoxic mechanism
  • Adhesion mechanism
• What is the enteroinvasive mechanism?

  Germs adhere and penetrate intestinal mucosa
• Which bacteria are associated with the enteroinvasive mechanism?

  Shigella, E. coli enteroinvasive, Y. enterocolitica
• What happens during the enterotoxigen mechanism?

  Enterotoxins activate adenylate cyclase, causing diarrhea
• Which bacteria are associated with the enterotoxigen mechanism?

  Vibrio cholerae, E. coli enterotoxigenic
• What is the cytotoxic mechanism in acute diarrhea?

  Production of cytotoxins leading to cell death
• Which bacteria are associated with the cytotoxic mechanism?

  Shigella, E. coli enterohemorrhagic
• What is the adhesion mechanism in acute diarrhea?

  Germs adhere to intestinal mucosa, impairing absorption
• Which bacteria are associated with the adhesion mechanism?

  1. coli enteropathogenic, E. coli enterohemorrhagic
• What are the mechanisms of rotavirus infection?

  1. Invasive: infects villous epithelium
  2. Secretory: produces enterotoxin NSP4
• What are the mechanisms of parasitic diarrhea?

  • Mechanical for intestinal absorption
  • Villous alteration and inflammatory reaction
  • Immunological deficit of CD4 T-helper cells
• What are the initial symptoms of acute diarrhea?

  Anorexia, weight stagnation, behavioral changes
• What are the clinical manifestations of acute diarrhea?

  Watery stools, vomiting, abdominal colics
• How many diarrhea episodes can occur per day in acute diarrhea?

  4-10 episodes per day
• What are the signs of dehydration in acute diarrhea?

  Altered general status and decreased tolerance
• What tests are used to detect the etiology of acute diarrhea?

  • Stool culture
  • Coprocitogram
  • T. ELISA for rotavirus and Giardia
  • Blood and urine cultures
• What tests assess the severity of diarrhea?

  • Hemoconcentration assessment
  • Electrolyte imbalance assessment
  • Liver and renal function tests
• What are some differential diagnoses for acute diarrhea?

  False diarrhea, intestinal invagination, toxin infections
• What are the possible evolutions of acute diarrhea?

  1. Autolimited
  2. Chronicization
  3. Complications
• What are the complications of acute diarrhea?

  • Acute dehydration syndrome
  • Toxic megacolon
  • Intestinal perforation
  • Septicemia
• What are the components of prophylactic treatment for acute diarrhea?

  • Promote breastfeeding
  • Ensure proper nutrition
  • Maintain strict hygiene
• What are the measures for preventing infections in acute diarrhea?

  • Epidemiological control of staff
  • Isolate patients
  • Disinfect rooms and sterilize feeding equipment
• What is the dietary treatment for acute diarrhea?

  • Provide age-appropriate nutrition
  • Ensure digestive tolerance
• What is the term for the evolution of acute diarrhea?

  Autolimited
• What is a complication of acute diarrhea?

  Acute dehydration syndrome
• What does acute dehydration syndrome involve?

  Various degrees ± metabolic acidosis
• Which bacteria can cause intestinal perforation?

  Campylobacter jejuni
• What is a complication associated with Shigella?

  Trombocitopenic purpura
• What is the purpose of prophylactic treatment in acute diarrhea?

  To prevent dehydration and infections