Results

• Type of victim:

  • ill (62 / 65 trials) more likely to recive help than drunk (19 / 38 trials).
  • ill helped 100% of the time when no model

  Race

  • no tendency for same-race helping except drunk victims
  • drunk white: helped 100%
  • drunk black: 73% (more helped by black)
  • 9% of trials black victims: people left critical area VS 5% of trials with a white victim
• Modelled help: early models more likely to elicit additional help than late model (4 vs 2)

  Group size: there was weak positive correlation between group size & helping behaviour. Groups of 7 or more: faster to respond than groups of 3
• • Males were more likely to help the man than females: 90% first helpers: male
  • 68% helpers: white
  • 20% trials: people left critical area
  • Total: 34 people left
• conclusion: research didn't support hypothesis

  • despite collapses on busy trains: help offered quickly & frequently
  • Piliavin: wirnessing emergency -> created emotional arousal, peeson wishes ro get rid themselves of
  • strength & nature of this arousal depends on factors: level of emoathy, distance, amount of time passes without intervention
  • Reduce arousal: person help, fetch help, leave, decide victim undeserving
  • People weigh options: cost-reward matrix & perceived rewards