(4) dynamics of personality

• What principle did Freud postulate to explain the driving forces behind people's actions?

  A dynamic or motivational principle
• What motivates people according to Freud?

  People are motivated to seek pleasure and reduce tension and anxiety
• From where does the motivation to seek pleasure derive according to Freud?

  From psychical and physical energy that springs from basic drives
• What are the two major headings under which Freud grouped drives?

  Sex (Eros) and aggression (Thanatos)
• What term did Freud use for the sex drive?

  Libido
• What are the four characteristics of every basic drive according to Freud?

  Impetus, source, aim, and object
• What is the aim of the sexual drive?

  The aim is pleasure
• Is the pleasure from the sexual drive limited to genital satisfaction?

  No, it is not limited to genital satisfaction
• Which body parts are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure?

  The genitals, mouth, and anus
• What forms can sex take according to Freud?

  Forms include narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism
• What is primary narcissism?

  A universal condition where individuals are primarily self-centered
• What is secondary narcissism?

  When adolescents redirect their libido back to the ego
• What is sadism according to Freud?

  The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person
• What is masochism according to Freud?

  The need to experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation
• What is the ultimate aim of the aggressive drive according to Freud?

  The ultimate aim is self-destruction
• What does Freud suggest is the explanation for wars and atrocities?

  The aggressive tendency present in everyone
• How does Freud define anxiety?

  As a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation
• How is the unpleasantness of anxiety described by Freud?

  The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint
• What is neurotic anxiety defined as?

  Apprehension about an unknown danger
• What does moral anxiety stem from?

  From the conflict between the ego and the superego
• What is realistic anxiety characterized by?

  It is an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger
• What role does realistic anxiety serve according to Freud?

  It serves as an ego-preserving mechanism that signals danger
• How does realistic anxiety help the ego?

  It allows the constantly vigilant ego to be alert for signs of threat
• How does realistic anxiety contribute to repression?

  It precipitates repression, which reduces the pain of anxiety