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chemical changes
Reaction Of Acids
pH
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pH
:
A measurement that tells you how
ACIDIC
or
ALKALI
an aqueous solution is.
The pH scale goes from 0-14, and the
HIGHER
the
pH
value, the more alkali a solution is.
INDICATORs
:
A group of chemical dyes that change colour depending on the pH.
WIDE-RANGE
INDICATORS
:
Contains a mixture of different dyes, so their colours will slowly change across a wide range of pHs.
E.g. universal indicator that can give the following colors:
pH
PROBES
:
Connected to a pH meter, the pH probe is dipped in the solution to electronically measure the pH & get a numerical reading on the meter.
NEUTRALISATION
:
A type of chemical reaction in which an
acid
& a
base
react to form
water
& a
salt
.
neutralisation involves the transfer of H⁺ IONS from the acid to the OH⁻ IONS of the alkali, forming H₂O
Sodium hydrogen carbonate cures indigestion by reacting with acid in the stomach, this is neutralisation.
Measurements that remove the need for human judgement are more
reliable.
The probe is more
accurate
&
precise
, compared to the indicator is that, as it doesn’t involve humans guessing
shades
& particular
colours.
Acid
:
Any substance that forms
aqueous
solutions
with a pH
less
than 7.
Because they
ionise
(split into their ions) in aqueous solutions to
release
hydrogen
ions
(H+), that make the solution
acidic.
Bases
:
Any substance with a pH
greater
than 7.
Alkalis
:
A subgroup of bases that are
soluble
in
water.
So they’re a base that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH
greater
than 7.
They form
hydroxide
ions
(OH-) in water.
NEUTRAL
SOLUTIONS
:
Has a pH of exactly
7,
showing a balance between
H⁺
&
OH⁻
ions.
E.g. pure water
HCl + NaOH ->
NaCl
+
H2O
H+ (from acid) + OH- (from base) -> H2O
As the acid & base has been neutralised in these sorts of reactions, the pH of the products should be
7
as they’re neutral.
Different
indicators
will change at different
pHs
.
Acids
:
Hydrochloric
(
HCl
)
Sulfuric
(
H2SO4
)
Nitric
(
HNO3
)
Bases
:
Sodium
hydroxide
(
NaOH
)
Calcium
carbonate
(
CaCO3
)
the ionic equation for the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with potassium hydroxide
H+
+
OH-
->
H2O
What is present in the solution at stages 2 & 3 apart from universal indicator & water?
at stage 2:
sodium
ions
&
chloride
ions
at stage 2:
sodium
ions
,
chloride
ions
&
H+
ions
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