Humoral & celullar

• What does adaptive immunity target and eliminate?

  Foreign invaders
• How does adaptive immunity help in future sickness prevention?

  By remembering the appearance of invaders
• How long can adaptive immunity last?


  Weeks, months, or a lifetime
• What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

  Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

  
• What is adaptive immunity characterized by?

  Specificity, immunological memory, self/nonself recognition
• What is the role of B and T cells in adaptive immunity?

  They mediate the immune response to antigens

  
• What aids the development of adaptive immunity?

  Actions of the innate immune system
• What are the primary functions of the adaptive immune response?

  Recognizing non-self antigens, generating effector pathways, developing memory

  
• What components are involved in adaptive immunity?

  Immunoglobulins, T cells, B cells

  
• What is the time lag for the adaptive immune response?

  Delayed response of 3–5 days
• What type of immunity do B cell lymphocytes primarily provide?

  Humoral immunity

  
• What do B cells produce after detecting a specific antigen?

  Antibodies
• What do memory B cells and effector B cells produce?

  Antigen-specific molecules
• What happens when naive B cells encounter an antigen?

  They begin the differentiation process
• How do activated memory B cells express antigen-specific molecules?

  With help from T cell lymphocytes
• What do effector B cells do with antigen-specific molecules?

  They secrete them into the blood
• What does humoral immunity protect against?

  Extracellular pathogens and their toxins
• What is the result of activation in humoral immunity?

  Differentiation of plasma B-cells
• What is the onset of humoral immunity?

  Rapid
• What type of hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by humoral immunity?

  Type I, II, and III
• What is the main difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

  Cell-mediated does not rely on antibodies

  
• What are the main drivers of cell-mediated immunity?

  Mature T cells, macrophages, cytokines

  
• How do T cells recognize intracellular target antigens?

  Through antigen-presenting cells with MHC class I
• What activates cell-mediated immunity?

  Infection by viruses, bacteria, or fungi

  
• What do helper T cells release upon encountering an antigen-presenting cell?

  Cytokines
• What is the role of cytokines in cell-mediated immunity?

  To attract killer T lymphocytes and macrophages

  
• What does cell-mediated immunity protect against?

  Fungi, viruses, and intracellular pathogens
• What is the onset of cell-mediated immunity?

  Delayed
• What are the main components of cell-mediated immunity?

  Helper T cells, cytotoxic T-cells, natural killer cells, macrophages

  
• How does cell-mediated immunity recognize pathogens?

  By detecting aberrant MHC markers

  
• What is secreted as a result of cell-mediated immunity activation?

  Cytokines

  
• What does cell-mediated immunity provide that humoral immunity does not?

  Immunological surveillance

  
• What type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by cell-mediated immunity?

  Type IV
• What role does cell-mediated immunity play in organ transplants?

  It participates in the rejection of transplants

  
• How does cell-mediated immunity protect against cancer?

  By destroying tumor and cancerous cells

  
• What are the key differences between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

  • B cells activate humoral immunity; T cells activate cell-mediated immunity.
  • Humoral immunity produces antibodies; cell-mediated does not.
  • Humoral immunity develops quickly; cell-mediated takes longer.
  • Humoral targets extracellular pathogens; cell-mediated targets intracellular pathogens.
  • Plasma B cells release antibodies; T cells release cytokines.
  • Cell-mediated immunity affects tumor cells and transplants.

  
• What is the significance of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses?

  • T-cell responses control viral infections.
  • T-cells generate chemokines and cytokines.
  • Immune responses create long-term immunological memory.
  • Antibody-mediated protection is crucial for host defense.
  • Pathogen-specific antibodies can promote infections or pathology.