Earthquakes management of hazards:

• Earthquake hazards include: shaking, liquefaction, ground displacement, flooding and fire.
• predicting: scientists can deduce where earthquakes will happen but not when
• methods of prediction:

  1. satellites surveying= tracks changes in the earths surface
  2. laser reflector= surveys movement across fault lines.
  3. levelling
  4. Radon gas sensor= radon gas is released when plates move so this finds that
  5. seismometer and seismic records
  6. Water table level= water levels fluctuate before an earthquake.
  7. Strain meter= records stretching and compression of the crust.
  8. Gravity meter

  Scientists also use seismic records to predict when the next event will occur. This is gap theory
• PROTECTION: earthquake prone zones follow these three methods

  1. building earthquake resistant buildings
  2. raising public awareness
  3. improving earthquake predictions
• Examples of earthquake management:

  • In 2007 japan passed new laws whereby new properties must be double-checked to ensure that they meet safety regulations even after gaining approval from ministry.
• examples of earthquake management:

  • in Tokyo citizens are advised to keep supplies such as water, food, blankest and first-aid kits handy and a police information sheet ensuring people know what to do.
• examples of earthquake management:

  • “smart meter” are installed in some countries to reduce the risk of fire. they are fed seismic data to automatically shut down gas supplies in an earthquake.
• earthquake proof buildings:

  • shutters come down automatically
  • reinforced lift shafts with tensioned cables
  • safe open areas for people to gather
  • rolling weights on the roof
  • lattice work steel cage to stabilise building
  • rubber shock absorbers between foundations and building above ground
  • lattice work steel foundations into bedrock.