Depression

• What is a mood disorder?

  An extreme state of mood, beyond what the majority of us experience
• what is endogenous depression ?

  depression relating to internal biochemical and hormonal factors
• what is exogenous depression?

  depression relating to stressful experiences
• what are the three symptom of mood disorders?

  affective

  cognitive

  behavioural
• what is unipolar depression ?

  affects 20% of the population

  affects women more than men

  depression can happen in cycles and within periods of remission
• what is the DSM-IV diagnosis of unipolar depression?

  the symptoms must be causing distress or impairment in functioning

  five or more symptoms during the same 2 week period at least one of which is depressed mood or loss of interest
• what are some affective symptoms of depression?

  Feelings of guilt

  Sadness
• what are some cognitive symptoms of depression ?

  depressive thoughts

  unable to concentrate

  suicidal ideation

  thoughts of deat
• what are some behavioural symptoms of depression ?

  weight loss

  loss of appetite

  lack of self care

  loss of libido
• what is bipolar depression ?

  affects about 2% of the population

  occurs equally between women and men

  it involves episodes of depression and mania which can be consecutive or can have periods of normal functioning intersepressed
• what is the DSM-IV for bipolar depression ?

  symptoms must be causing distress or impairment in functioning

  the depressive symptoms are identical as fpor unipolar depression

  four symptoms at least one of which is elevated or irritable mood
• what are some affective symptoms of mania?

  elevated mood
• what are some cognitive symptoms of mania?

  racing thoughts

  delusions of grandeur

  irrational thought process
• what are some behavioural symptoms of mania?

  talkative

  lack of guilt/social inhibition

  increased energy and social interaction

  high energy levels and increased work output
• what is the cognitive explanation of depression ?

  the perception of depression as determined through maladaptive thought processes with treatments based upon modifying thought patterns to alter behavioural and emotional states
• what is Beck‘s dysfunctional thinking explanation of depression?

  negative self-schemas, how you eye yourself fro prior experiences and things such as bad parenting , reinfects selective attention, can be social and work focused

  cognitive triad , negative views about the world -> negative views about the future -> negative views about oneself

  faulty information processing,

  magnification- small problems =seen as a massive problem

  absolutism - something has to be perfect or terrible
• what does Elli’s suggest depression is based on ?

  people with depression mistakenly blame external events for their unhappiness

  instead it is their interpretation of their events that is it blame (not things but how we think)

  irrational beliefs were beliefs that interfered with us being happy and free from pain
• what did Ellis suggest about irrational beliefs?

  range of beliefs that can be identified as irrational may not consciously know that they have these beliefs

  Mustubation- must alway succeed and be perfect

  I-cant-stand-it-itis -t must be perfect or its a disaster

  utopianism - life should be fair
• what does ABC stand for in Ellis model ?

  A - activating event (negative event happens that triggers a reaction)

  B - beliefs (how we interpret the event, rationally or irrationally)

  C - consequences (the emotional and behavioural responses to the interpretation of the event)
• what did Koster et al (2005) find out ?

  people with depression pay more attention to negative stimuli shows faulty information processing so supports Beck’s theory

  took longer to disengage with negative stimuli
• what are strengths of the cognitive explanation of depression?

  cognitive vulnerability, more prone to negatives based on scientific testing

  cognitive therapies can improve depression

  holistic approach, early experiences,biological
• what are some limitations of the cognitive explanation of depression?

  trouble establishing cause and effect

  emotions cause the thinking

  negative thinking isn’t that irrational so it ignores the social contexts of peoples lives

  cannot explain mania
• what are alternative explanations of depression?

  genetic- inheritance

  Wender et al (1986) found that adopted children who develop depression were more likely to have a depressive biological parent even though they grew up in different settings

  Coleman (1986) found that individuals receiving low rates of positive reinforcement or social behaviours became increasingly passive and non-responsive, leading to depressive moods
• what do cognitive treatments try to do with depression?

  try to fix the faulty thinking

  improve the faulty thinking to remove the depression
• what is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

  treatments that attempt to challenge and restructure maladaptive thoughts into rational adaptive thoughts
• what is Ellis rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)?

  change their view of things

  patients are told to practice positive and optimistic thinking, if you can change the beliefs then the consequence will improve from depression to normal functioning

  reframing - challenging the negative thought by interpreting activating events in a more logical way
• what is the fist stage of REBT

  education phase, treatment involves 1-2 sessions of therapy every 2 weeks for about 15 sessions

  therapists and patients work together to verify reality

  if a patient makes a negative statement the therapist gets the patient to examine the truth

  patients therefore become more realistic, more able to distinguish fact from fiction and stop perceiving things in such extreme terms
• what is the second stage of REBT?

  behaviour activation and pleasant event scheduling, these aim to increase physiological activity and participation in social and other rewarding activities

  cognitive factors are then addressed after patients have experienced improvement in mood or energy

  they are taught to identify the faulty thinking responsible for low mood and to challenge these thoughts
• what is stage 3 of REBT?

  Goals an hypothesis testing, between sessions patients are given goals to boost self-esteem

  the goals involve hypothesis testing of negative thoughts though behavioural coping skills

  therapists only eat tasks that they believe the patients will succeed in as failure reinforces the patients view of their own unhappiness

  to prevent relapse a few booster sessions are given in the subsequent year
• What was the aim of Sandra Embling's study on CBT in depression?

  To assess which patients benefit most from CBT
• What relationship did the study aim to explore?

  The relationship between emotions and depression
• What was the sample size of the study?

  38 patients
• What age range did the participants in the study fall into?

  19 to 65 years
• How were the patients diagnosed in the study?

  According to ICD-10 criteria
• What was the control group in the study?

  A waiting list group of 19 patients
• What treatment did the control group receive?

  Antidepressant medication and weekly reviews
• How often did the treatment and control groups receive drug therapy?

  Both groups continued drug therapy during the study
• How many sessions of CBT did participants in the treatment group receive?

  12 sessions
• What was the duration of each CBT session?

  Between 60 and 90 minutes
• How were the CBT sessions structured over the treatment period?

  2 sessions per week for 4 weeks, then 1 session per week