Need to know

• What are the 3 processes involved in memory?

  Encoding, storage and retrieval
• What is the Method of Loci or the Memory Palace technique?

  Memorising long lists of things by associating them with meaningful images.
• What is encoding?


  Tye process of changing information from one form to another for transmission or later retrieval
• What are 5 types of encoding?

  Visual, acoustic, olfactory, tactile, semantic
• What is visual encoding? Give an example

  Memories processed in terms of what they look like e.g. picturing your house in your mind
• What is acoustic encoding? Give an example

  Memories processed in terms of what they sound like e.g. learning the alphabet with a tune
• What is semantic encoding? Give an example

  Memories processed in terms of their meaning e.g. the understanding that Paris is a city in France
• What is storage?


  Storing information in the brain for a period of time so that it can be retrieved later
• What are the 3 features of storage?

  Capacity-the amount of information that can be stored

  Duration-the length of time it can be stored

  Coding-the way the information is organised within storage
• What is retrieval?


  The process of accessing information that has been stored in the brain and utilising it
• What is the difference between cued recall and free recall?

  Cued recall: retrieval with hints

  Free recall: recall freely, without clues/hints
• What is recognition?


  Being presented with information and being asked if we remember seeing it before
• What is relearning?


  Being exposed to something we have learned previously but have since forgotten. We relearning the information, however it doesn't take as long the second time
• What is retrieval failure?

  Occurs when information in the long term memory cannot be accessed because retrieval cues are not present.
• What was Tulving's (1974) argument in relation to retrieval?

  A memory would be more easily retrieved if the cues present when the memory was first encoded are also present when the memory is retrieved
• What are the 2 types of retrieval cues?

  External/context: cues in the environment such as smell or place

  Internal/state: cues inside us, such as physical or emotional state
• Whatbis considered to be the capacity of the STM?

  7±2 chunks
• What are the 3 types of LTM?

  Episodic, Procedural, Semantic
• What is episodic memory? Give an example

  The memory of events or episodes in your life that can be explicitly stated e.g. remembering a birthday party
• What is semantic memory?

  The memory of meaning and understanding. This includes generalised knowledge that may not be associated with a memory or specific event that is personal to you
• What is procedural memory?

  The memory of knowing hwo to do things or how to perform certain procedures.
• Give one strength of dividing the LTM into 3 types

  It is supported by brain scans that have shown separate locations in the brain for each of them
• Give one weakness of dividing the LTM into 3 types

  In reality, there isn't a clear difference between episodic and semantic memories. Most of our memories are a fusion of the two.
• What is evidence for or application of different types for LTM?

  People with amnesia often remember how to do things like ride a bike or brush their teeth, but they have almost no memory of their past, facts about the world or personal events. This seems to prove that there are different kinds of LTM.
• Who developed the Multi-store Model?

  Atkinson and Shriffrin
• What does the multi-store model suggest?

  That memory comprises of 3 separate stores
• What is Sensory memory?

  Brief storage of information received by the sensory organs
• What is rehearsal in terms of the multi-store model?

  Repetition of information with the purpose of keeping it in the STM
• What is displacement?


  When information is pushed out of the STM by new information and is forgotten
• What is decay?


  When information in the memory fades over time until it is forgotten
• When was the multi-store model developed?

  1968
• Give 2 strengths of the multi-store model

  There is evidence for different memory stor3s from the serial position effect studied by Murdock

  It is a neat and simple way of understanding the memory, which would be difficult to understand
• Give 2 weaknesses of the multi-store model

  The model is too simple/the memory is too complex to model-ignores individual differences, some people have better memory than other, STM and LTM are divided into stores

  Model suggests all information must be rehearsed to enter the LTM, but events that are traumatic may enter the LTM without rehearsal
• What is the serial position effect?

  The tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of the list better than the items in the middle
• What is the primacy effect?

  The idea that words at the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words in the beginning of a list
• What is the reason for the primacy effect?

  Words have been rehearsed quite well by the time they are recalled so they get put into the LTM
• What is the recency effect?


  The tendency to recall words at the end of a list better than words in the middle
• What is reason for the recency effect?

  Words have been heard most recency and will still be in the STM
• Who conducted studies that support the Theory of Reconstructive Memory?

  Bartlett
• What does the Theory of Reconstructive Memory suggest about how memories are formed?

  Memories are constructed and reconstructed during recall