mutations

• What is a chromosome mutation?

  change in the number of chromosomes
• when do chromosome mutations happen?

  anaphase 2 of meiosis by non-dysjunction
• What is a gene mutation?

  change to base pairing or to 1 nucleotide
• When do gene mutations occur?

  the semi conservative replication
• change in bases =

  change to amino acids = bonds form in different places = tertiary structure changes = no longer comp = no ES complex = enzyme is non functioning
• types of gene mutation?

  substitution, addition, deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation
• substitution?

  replacement of one nucleotide with another
• does substitution have frame shift?

  no
• addition?

  the gain of a nucleotide/base
• does addition have frame shift?

  yes
• deletion?

  the loss of a nucleotide/base
• does deletion have frame shift?

  yes
• inversion?

  section detaches and reverses then gets put back in
• does inversion have frame shift?

  no, only affects small section
• duplication?

  section is copied twice
• does duplication have frame shift?

  yes, of a smaller section
• translocation?

  section of DNA moves to different codon or chromosome
• does translocation have frame shift?

  yes
• why do some mutations have no effect?

  theyre in intron sections, they produce a different codon which codes for the same amino acid, it may not affect the protein shape or function
• Why do some mutations have a large effect?

  they cause a frame shift, they change a stop codon
• causes of mutation?

  they occur spontaneously, induced by mutagens and caused by carcinogens
• what do mutagens do?

  increase the rate of natural mutations
• long term consequences of mutations?

  can be beneficial, so passed down in evolution through natural selection to ensure survival and reproduction