issues and debates psychology

• What is the nature of behavior according to the study material?

  Behavior is innate and genetically inherited
• How is behavior understood according to the study material?

  Through biological processes
• What does the Heritability Coefficient determine?

  The extent of phenotype caused by genotype
• What do extreme nature arguments suggest about behavior?

  Behaviors are entirely biologically based
• Who is associated with the pronature argument in attachment theory?

  Bowlby and Lorenz
• What are the key points of the Nature vs. Nurture debate?

  • Nature emphasizes genetic inheritance
  • Nurture emphasizes environmental influences
  • Both factors interact to shape behavior
• What does the study of Down's syndrome illustrate in the nature debate?

  Genetic inheritance identifies typical chromosome patterns
• What is a potential negative consequence of extreme determinism?

  It can lead to prejudice and dangerous assumptions
• What did twin studies report about identical twins?

  100% concordance due to shared DNA
• What did McGuffin et al. find regarding depression in twins?

  46% concordance in identical twins
• What do Descartes and Locke represent in the nature vs. nurture debate?

  Descartes is a nativist; Locke is an empiricist
• What do environmental influences include according to the study material?

  Peers, family, school, and culture
• What is the significance of controlled environments in studies?

  They account for unexplained differences
• What are the types of determinism mentioned in the study material?

  • Biological Determinism
  • Environmental Determinism
  • Soft Determinism
  • Psychic Determinism
• What does hard determinism imply about behavior?

  Behavior is determined by external factors
• What is a criticism of determinism mentioned in the study material?

  It cannot explain the causes of behavior
• What does the concept of free will assume?

  Reasons for actions are due to external influences
• What are the key components of determinism?

  • Behavior has a cause
  • Observable behaviors are measured
  • Hard determinism limits free will
• What is the main focus of idiographic approaches?

  Subjective experience of individuals
• What methods are typically used in idiographic research?

  Interviews and case studies
• What is a limitation of idiographic research?

  Cannot generalize findings due to sample size
• What are the strengths of idiographic approaches?

  • Comprehensive understanding of individuals
  • Better insight into multi-layered experiences
  • Tailored therapies for individual needs
• What is the focus of nomothetic approaches?

  General laws of behavior in groups
• What is a benefit of nomothetic research?

  Establishes general laws of behavior
• What is a criticism of nomothetic research?

  It lacks external validity
• What are the ethical implications of socially sensitive research?

  • Can reinforce stereotypes
  • May lead to negative consequences
  • Researchers must consider participant impact
• What is androcentrism?

  Male viewpoint as the norm for behavior
• What is a consequence of gender bias in research?

  Female behavior viewed as abnormal
• How does Bowlby's Attachment theory relate to gender bias?

  It emphasizes mothers as primary caregivers
• What are the types of bias discussed in the study material?

  • Alpha Bias
  • Beta Bias
  • Gender Bias
  • Cultural Bias
• What does cultural relativism imply?

  Understanding a culture requires immersion
• What is a potential issue with operationalized variables in cross-cultural research?

  They may have different meanings in cultures
• What did Kroonenberg find in his cross-cultural attachment study?

  Japanese children show high anxiety with mothers
• What is the consequence of unchecked ethnocentrism?

  It can produce imposed etic perspectives
• What is a criticism of intelligence tests mentioned in the study material?

  They may lead to culturally biased scores
• What is the significance of social norms in research?

  They can help challenge ethnocentrism
• How can socially sensitive research benefit minority groups?

  It allows their perspectives to be heard
• What is the role of reflexivity in research?

  Increases awareness of biases
• What is the impact of stereotypes in research?

  They can lead to negative consequences
• What is the relationship between social sensitivity and ethical implications?

  Social sensitivity raises ethical concerns