weimar germany

• German Revolution


  Series of events post-September 1918 leading to the collapse of the German government and Kaiser's abdication
• Kiel Mutiny


  Mutiny by German sailors in Kiel on November 3, 1918, sparking rebellions across Germany
• Armistice


  Agreement on November 11, 1918, ending World War One with Germany's surrender
• Weimar Republic


  Post-WWI German government established in 1919 with Friedrich Ebert as Chancellor
• Treaty of Versailles


  Peace settlement in June 1919 blaming Germany for WWI, leading to economic crisis in 1923
• War Guilt Clause


  Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles forcing Germany to accept blame for starting WWI
• Reparations


  Payment by Germany for war damages, set at £6.6 billion in 1922
• Territorial Losses


  Germany losing land on all borders and overseas colonies as per the Treaty of Versailles
• Weimar Constitution


  Established in 1919, aiming for a representative democracy in Germany
• Proportional Representation


  Election system where parties get seats based on the percentage of votes received
• Bill of Rights


  Guaranteed freedoms of speech, religion, and equality under the law for German citizen
• Article 48


  Gave president emergency powers without parliamentary approval
• November Criminals


  Government officials blamed for signing the armistice
• Diktat


  The Germans were given no say in the treaty - sign it or risk invasion. This led to the Germans calling the Treaty the 'Diktat' - a dictated peace
• Spartacist Uprising


  1919 communist rebellion in Berlin led by Luxemburg
• Freikorps


  Ex-soldiers who defeated Spartacist rebels in Berlin
• Kapp Putsch


  1920 right-wing nationalist uprising in Berlin, led by Wolfgang Kapp and involved Freikorps
• General strike


  Organised by the government to paralyse Berlin, putting an end to the Kapp Putsch
• Greater Berlin act


  1920 law making Berlin a cultural and intellectual hub
• Black Reichswehr


  Nationalist group rebelling in Germany in 1923
• Invasion of the Ruhr

  French and Belgian troops were sent to occupy the German industrial city of Ruhr in response to the German government being unable to pay reparations for WWI
• Passive resistance


  Strategy of German workers striking during the Ruhr invasion
• Hyperinflation Crisis


  Period of rapid currency devaluation in Germany, 1923. Resulted from the government printing excessive amount of money
• Gustav Stresemann


  Chancellor who stabilized Weimar Republic post-crisis
• Rentenmark


  New currency introduced by Stresemann to stabilize prices
• Dawes Plan


  1924 agreement installment plan for Germany, a way to help them pay reparations
• Lorcano Treaties


  1925 agreements respecting post-Versailles borders
• Treaty of Berlin


  Soviet-German agreement allowing secret German military buildup on Soviet territory
• Kellogg-Briand Pact


  1928 agreement to settle disputes peacefully
• Young Plan


  1930 agreement where Germany's reparations by 20%
• Golden years


  Period of economic prosperity and stability between 1923 and 1929
• Weimar culture


  Flourish of arts and sciences that happened during the Weimar Republic
• Science in Weimar

  Towering figures like Max Plank and Albert Einstein worked in Germany in the 1920s, and Einstein received his Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921
• Philosophy in Weimar

  One of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, Martin Heidegger, published his major work Being and Time in 1927. The political philosophers Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss received their university education in Germany during the Weimar period
• Architecture in Weimar

  Architects during the Weimar Republic were influenced by the Bauhaus design college which promoted modern and future looking buildings
• Bauhaus School


  Influential art school founded by Walter Gropius in 1919
• Dada Movement


  Artistic protest against traditional conventions, including photography and collage
• New Objectivity Movement


  Realistic art movement challenging idealistic Expressionism
• Modern classical music

  Classical compositions by Arnold Schoenberg, Kurt Weill, and Alan Berg
• Jazz influence


  Introduction of jazz music to Berlin and Munich