gingivitis and periodontitis (22)

• What is gingivitis?

  Inflammation of soft tissues around teeth
• How does periodontitis differ from gingivitis?

  Periodontitis involves supporting tissues loss
• What are periodontal diseases?

  Infectious processes affecting supporting tissues
• What primarily causes gingivitis?

  Bacterial plaque
• What is the nature of gingivitis in the population?

  Universal and affects the entire population
• What makes gingivitis reversible?

  Removing the plaque
• What is the origin of plaque-induced gingivitis?

  Polymicrobial origin
• What are some predisposing factors for gingivitis?

  Metabolic disorders and drug consumption
• What is a common type of non-plaque-induced gingivitis?

  Gingivostomatitis
• Which pathogens are commonly associated with adult periodontitis?

  Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia
• What characterizes early-onset periodontitis?

  Begins in children and has rapid evolution
• What is a key factor in periodontitis associated with systemic diseases?

  Altered host response
• What are necrotizing periodontal diseases associated with?

  Bacterial associations, often treponemes
• Name a bacterium associated with periodontal disease.

  Porphyromonas gingivalis
• How do bacteria in periodontal disease act?

  They act in a synergistic way
• What classification system did Socransky use for microbial groups?

  Colors: purple, yellow, green, red, orange
• What happens in advanced stages of periodontal disease?

  Orange and red complexes predominate
• What are true infections in periodontal disease?

  Pathogens with high etiological association
• What characterizes infections by an increase of commensal bacteria?

  Nonpathogenic bacteria become pathogenic
• What is a superinfection in periodontal disease?

  Unusual pathogens collaborate with existing pathogens
• What is the role of direct pathogenicity in periodontal disease?

  Causes tissue damage and invasion
• What are exotoxins in periodontal disease?

  Substances that favor microbial development
• What is the role of endotoxins in periodontal disease?

  Initiate inflammatory processes
• What do exoenzymes do in periodontal disease?

  Destroy collagen in periodontal ligament
• What is the effect of toxic metabolites in periodontal disease?

  They contribute to tissue damage
• How do bacteria evade host response?

  By destroying PMN and inhibiting chemotaxis
• What is the balance in periodontal disease damage?

  Between harmful and neutralizing factors
• What is hyperresponsiveness in the host response?

  Excessive immune response causing tissue damage
• What is hyporesponsiveness in the host response?

  Inability to control bacterial activity
• What are some risk factors for periodontitis?

  Smoking, stress, and lack of hygiene
• What is the significance of the polymicrobial nature of periodontal disease?

  It complicates establishing causality
• What are Socransky's postulates related to periodontal disease?

  Criteria for establishing pathogen association
• What does the specific plaque hypothesis state?

  Specific bacteria cause disease, not just quantity
• What do peripheral blood markers indicate?

  Host responsiveness aspects
• What is analyzed in gingival fluid?

  PGE2 and interleukins related to bone loss
• What does a trypsin-like positive reaction indicate?

  Presence of specific periodontal pathogens
• What techniques are used to detect specific bacteria?

  DNA probes and monoclonal antibodies
• What is the purpose of sampling in periodontal diagnosis?

  To isolate and analyze bacteria from pockets
• How is a sample taken from periodontal pockets?

  Using sterile cotton and Gracey curettes
• What is the importance of processing samples immediately?

  To prevent contamination and preserve results