MICRO anaerobic bacteria (15+16)

• What is an anaerobe?

  An organism unable to grow in oxygen
• What are obligate anaerobes?

  Organisms unable to grow in oxygen
• How do facultative anaerobes grow in relation to oxygen?

  They grow better in the presence of oxygen
• What is the majority type of bacteria regarding oxygen needs?

  Facultative anaerobes
• What characterizes aerotolerant anaerobes?

  They tolerate oxygen and grow in its presence
• What is the growth rate of anaerobes?

  SLOW growth
• Where are anaerobes commonly found as microbiota?

  Oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, vagina, intestine
• Which anaerobe is found in the skin?

  Propionibacterium acnes
• Which anaerobes are found in the oral cavity?

  Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium
• Which anaerobe is found in the vagina?

  Lactobacillus
• What beneficial effects do anaerobes provide?

  Defense against pathogenic bacteria, vitamin K synthesis
• Which anaerobes are found in the intestine?

  Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium spp
• What happens with a deficiency of anaerobes in the intestinal mucosa?

  It leads to malnutrition states
• What condition arises from the overgrowth of anaerobes in the vagina?

  Vaginosis
• Where do most anaerobic infections originate from?

  Endogenous flora
• What type of tissues do anaerobic infections require?

  Poorly oxygenated tissues
• What are predisposing conditions for anaerobic infections?

  Exposure of sterile sites to microbiota
• What is a characteristic odor associated with anaerobic infections?

  Unpleasant odor from metabolic products
• What are common skin infections caused by anaerobes?

  Cellulitis, skin ulcers, pyoderma
• What is a common condition caused by anaerobes in wounds?

  Gas gangrene
• What is the treatment for anaerobic infections?

  Surgery and adequate antibiotics
• What are the two classifications of anaerobes?

  Sporulated and non-sporulated anaerobes
• What are examples of sporulated anaerobes?

  Clostridium spp
• What are examples of non-sporulated anaerobes?

  Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas
• Which anaerobe is known for causing food poisoning?

  Clostridium perfringens
• What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?

  8-24 hours
• What is the primary treatment for Clostridium perfringens infections?

  Surgery and antibiotics
• What toxin does Clostridium tetani produce?

  Tetanospasmin
• What are the symptoms of tetanus?

  Muscle spasms and lock-jaw
• What is the treatment for tetanus?

  Clean wound and immunization
• What causes botulism?

  Botulinum toxin from contaminated food
• What is the main treatment for botulism?

  Ventilatory support and antitoxin
• What is the effect of antibiotics on Clostridioides difficile?

  It allows C. difficile to proliferate
• What are the symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis?

  Intestinal symptoms from C. difficile toxins
• What is the treatment for severe C. difficile infection?

  Metronidazole or vancomycin
• What is the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral health?

  Associated with gingivitis and periodontitis
• What are the pathogenicity factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis?

  Fimbriae, capsule, tissue-destroying enzymes
• What is the role of Actinomyces in oral infections?

  Involved in caries and periodontal disease
• What is actinomycosis?

  An endogenous infection caused by Actinomyces
• What are the symptoms of actinomycosis?

  Pain, skin induration, suppuration