complications of oral infections (24)

• What are the dissemination routes of oral infections?

  Contiguity, swallowing, aspiration, hematogenously
• How do soft tissue infections spread?

  Through areas that offer less resistance
• What limits the extension of an infection?

  Anatomical barriers like bone and muscle
• Why is it essential to know anatomical structures in infections?

  To understand infection spread and drainage
• What are examples of contiguity infections?

  • Cellulitis
  • Jugular phlebitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Maxillary sinusitis
  • Ludwig's Angina
• What is Lemierre’s disease?

  A complicated tonsillitis caused by Fusobacterium
• What are the consequences of Lemierre’s disease?

  Thrombophlebitis, bacteremia, septic pulmonary metastasis
• How does septic pulmonary metastasis occur in Lemierre’s disease?

  Abscess fragments travel to the lung via blood
• What is Ludwig’s angina?

  A severe diffuse cellulitis from molar infections
• What are the clinical signs of Ludwig’s angina?

  Bilateral swelling, odynophagia, fever
• What are common causative agents of contiguity infections?

  Group A streptococci, S. aureus, E. coli
• What is the treatment for contiguity infections?

  Early treatment, surgical debridement, antibiotics
• What causes infections by aspiration?

  Loss of consciousness, dementia, impaired swallowing
• What are examples of infections caused by aspiration?

  Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess
• What is transient bacteremia?

  Temporary presence of few microorganisms in blood
• What increases the risk of remote infections?

  Pre-existing diseases or immunocompromised state
• What are oral infections or procedures causing microbial dissemination?

  1. Infectious pulpitis
  2. Periapical infection
  3. Periodontitis
  4. Dental procedures related to periodontitis
• What dental procedure has the highest risk of bacteremia?

  Dental extraction
• What is the most important complication of systemic diffusion of microorganisms?

  Infectious endocarditis
• What characterizes the lesions in infectious endocarditis?

  Vegetations on the valvular endocardium
• Who is at risk for bacterial endocarditis?

  People with heart valve problems
• What is the link between periodontal disease and systemic health?

  Linked to ischemic stroke and heart disease
• What type of toxins are associated with bacteria without invasive capability?

  Exotoxins
• What leads to platelet aggregation in the context of endotoxins?

  Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria
• What can untreated periodontitis cause?

  Transient recurrent gram-negative bacteremias
• What is the relationship between periodontal disease and cancer incidence?

  Increased cancer incidence has been linked