5.8 Industrial Reactions

• What did the harsh conditions of industrial life provoke?

  Resistance and calls for reform
• Who was "Mother" Jones?

  A labor organizer describing miners' deprivations
• What did John Stuart Mill seek to address?

  The growing inhumanity of the industrial era
• What did utopian socialists argue for?

  Completely changing a flawed system
• What did workers form to advocate for their rights?

  Trade unions
• What were common issues in 19th-century factory work?

  Dangerous conditions, low wages, long hours
• What was the Sadler Report?

  A study on factory conditions released in 1833
• What was the impact of the Sadler Report?

  Raised awareness of the need for reforms
• Why did unions have to organize in secret in the 19th century?

  The government treated them as enemies of trade
• What improvements did unions achieve for workers?

  Minimum wage laws, overtime pay, five-day work week
• What did the reform bills passed in 1832, 1867, and 1884 do?

  Expanded voting rights for men in Britain
• When did British women gain equal suffrage?

  1928
• What law was passed in 1843 regarding child labor?

  Banned children under 10 from coal mines
• What change occurred in 1881 regarding education?

  Education became mandatory for ages 5 to 10
• How did the role of children in urban society change?

  Shifted from work to education focus
• What did early economists like Adam Smith influence?

  New ways of thinking about society
• What did utopian socialists aim to demonstrate?

  Alternatives to capitalism through new communities
• Who criticized laissez-faire capitalism?

  John Stuart Mill
• What did John Stuart Mill advocate for?

  Legal reforms for labor unions and safe conditions
• What is utilitarianism?

  Seeking the greatest good for the greatest number
• How did Marx view capitalism?

  As an advance on feudalism but flawed
• What are the two basic classes in Marx's view?

  The proletariat and the bourgeoisie
• What did Marx believe about market competition?

  It exploited the proletariat for profits
• What did Marx advocate for the proletariat?

  To take control of the means of production
• What would socialism eventually be replaced by, according to Marx?

  Communism, ending class distinctions
• Who was Sultan Mahmud II?

  The reforming sultan of the Ottoman Empire
• What significant action did Mahmud II take in 1826?

  Abolished the corps of Janissaries
• What did Mahmud II's reforms include?

  Building roads and setting up a postal service
• What were the Tanzimat reforms?

  Reorganization reforms after Mahmud II
• What did the Tanzimat reforms aim to address?

  Corruption in the central government
• How did education change during the Tanzimat reforms?

  Secular primary and secondary schools were created
• What legal changes occurred during the Tanzimat reforms?

  Codified laws and created new commercial and penal codes
• What was the Hatt-i Humayun?

  Ottoman Reform Edict declaring equality for all men
• How did the Hatt-i Humayun affect religious communities?

  Regulated separate legal courts for millets
• What was the reaction of Christians in the Balkans to the reforms?

  Protested due to threatened autonomy
• How did the Tanzimat reforms affect women?

  Many reforms had no effect on women
• What happened under Sultan Abdulhamid's rule?

  He maintained tight control over the empire
• What was the fate of the "Young Turks" under Abdulhamid?


  They were driven into exile
• What were the Hamidian massacres?

  The killing of Armenians between 1894-1896
• What nickname was given to Sultan Abdulhamid?

  The Red Sultan