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Genetics
evolution and diversity of microbes
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Issy vw
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Cards (49)
What are prokaryotes?
Single-celled organisms without a
nucleus
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How long did prokaryotes dominate Earth?
3,000 million
years
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What significant environmental changes did prokaryotes cause?
Oxygenation
of the atmosphere
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What happened to ocean depths due to prokaryotes?
Suffocation with
hydrogen sulphide
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What global event was precipitated by prokaryotes?
Global
freeze
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How did prokaryotes change over time?
Changed very
little
themselves
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What is the lifestyle of prokaryotes when resources are unavailable?
Remain in
stasis
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What happens to prokaryotes when resources become available?
Divide
extremely
rapidly
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What limits the rate of cell division in prokaryotes?
Rate of DNA replication
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What is selected for when resources are scarce?
Best
survivors
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What is selected for when resources are plentiful?
Best
dispersers
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What is the limit on prokaryote genome size?
10 million
base pairs
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How do larger genomes affect prokaryotes?
Reduce
replication rate
, increase versatility
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Where are larger genomes favored?
Where resources are
scarce
and diverse
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What happens to excess genes in prokaryotes?
Eliminated rapidly by
natural selection
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What do prokaryotes tend to lose?
Genes not required
immediately
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How can prokaryotes acquire new genes?
From living cells through
conjugation
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What is the role of core genes in prokaryote phylogenetics?
Inherited
vertically
from parents
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What do lateral genes form in prokaryotes?
Network of gene exchange
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How do distant prokaryotes exchange DNA?
Through
horizontal transfer
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What complicates the species concept in prokaryotes?
Horizontal gene transfer
among
distantly related
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What does the quote “If a bacterium can find an electron, it will steal it” imply?
Prokaryotes
are opportunistic in metabolism
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What does Hydrogenobaculum oxidise?
Hydrogen
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What does Gallionella oxidise?
Iron
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Where can prokaryotes survive?
In extreme environments like
hydrothermal vents
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What is Strain 121 known for?
Metabolising at
121°C
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What happens to Strain 121 at 130°C?
Goes
dormant
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What does Sulfolobus oxidise?
Hydrogen sulphide
and sulphur
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What is the pH of water acidified by Sulfolobus?
pH
2
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What event caused the exclusion of anaerobes from much of Earth?
Great oxygenation event
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Where do methanogens survive?
In
oxygen
and
sulphate
absent environments
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What do methanogens produce?
Methane
gas
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What do anaerobes do in the presence of oxygen?
Unable to
metabolise
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How do prokaryotes reduce competition?
By diversifying
metabolism
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What do prokaryote communities form?
Mutually beneficial
associations
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What are stromatolites?
Fossils formed by
bacterial
communities
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How old are the oldest stromatolites?
3.5 billion years old
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What shapes do stromatolites form?
Fingers
,
fists
,
cauliflowers
, and
more
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What caused the decline of stromatolites?
Evolution of
grazing
animals
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Where are present-day stromatolites restricted to?
Protected
habitats with low
nutrients
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