nucleic acids structures

• What are the three components of nucleotides?

  Phosphate groups, pentose sugar, organic base
• How do nucleotides combine?

  By condensation reaction
• What is an example of a nucleotide?

  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• What is the major function of ATP?

  It provides energy for cellular reactions
• What is the pentose sugar in ATP?

  Ribose
• What is the organic base in ATP?

  Adenine
• What happens when bond X in ATP is broken?

  Energy is released for cellular use
• What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATPase
• What is produced when ATP is hydrolyzed?

  ADP and a phosphate group (P_i)
• What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATP + Water → ADP + P_i + Energy
• What is phosphorylation?

  Adding a phosphate group to ADP
• What is the equation for the formation of ATP?

  Energy + ADP + P_i → ATP + Water
• How much energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed?

  30.6 kJ mol
• What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis?

  Exergonic reaction
• What type of reaction is ATP formation?

  Endergonic reaction
• Where is ATP produced in the cell?

  Cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts
• What are the uses of ATP in the cell?

  • Metabolic processes
  • Active transport
  • Movement (muscle contraction)
  • Nerve transmission
  • Secretion
• What are the advantages of using ATP as an energy source?

  • Immediate energy release
  • Requires only one enzyme (ATPase)
  • Releases energy in small amounts
  • Soluble and easily transported
  • Universal energy source for reactions
• What are the two types of nucleic acids?

  DNA and RNA
• What sugar do DNA nucleotides contain?

  Deoxyribose
• What bases are found in DNA nucleotides?

  Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
• What sugar do RNA nucleotides contain?

  Ribose
• What bases are found in RNA nucleotides?

  Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
• What are purine bases?

  Adenine and guanine
• What are pyrimidine bases?

  Thymine, uracil, and cytosine
• How do purine and pyrimidine bases bond?

  Pyrimidine bonds with purine by hydrogen bonding
• What is complementary base pairing?

  Adenine bonds with thymine or uracil
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double stranded polymer of nucleotides
• What forms the backbone of the DNA polynucleotide?

  Alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars
• What is the orientation of the polynucleotide chains in DNA?

  Antiparallel to each other
• What maintains the shape of the DNA double helix?

  Hydrogen bonding between bases
• Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

  In the nucleus
• What are the two functions of DNA?

  Replication and protein synthesis
• If a sample of DNA has 10% adenine, what percentage of thymine does it have?

  10%
• What percentage of the remaining bases in DNA belong to cytosine and guanine if adenine is 10%?

  40% each
• What is the structure of RNA?

  Single stranded polynucleotide
• What sugar does RNA contain?

  Ribose
• What bases does RNA contain?

  Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
• What is the function of mRNA?

  It carries genetic code to ribosomes
• Where is mRNA synthesized?

  In the nucleus