acid/base equilibria

• What does an acid donate?

  Protons
• What are Bronsted Lowry acids?

  Substances that donate protons
• What do H+ ions form when mixed with water?

  Hydroxonium ions
• What is the reaction of HA with water?

  HA(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + A−(aq)
• What does a base do?

  Accepts protons
• What are Bronsted Lowry bases?

  Proton acceptors
• What happens when bases are in solution?


  They accept protons from water
• How can acids and bases be classified?

  Strong or weak
• What do strong acids do in water?

  Dissociate almost completely
• What is an example of a strong acid?

  HCl
• What do weak acids do in water?

  Dissociate very slightly
• What is an example of a weak acid?

  CH3COOH
• What do weak bases do in water?

  Only slightly protonate
• What is an example of a weak base?

  NH3
• What do acids and bases form?

  Conjugate pairs
• What is required for an acid to donate protons?

  A base to accept them
• What happens to equilibrium when you add an acid or base?

  It shifts to the right
• What principle explains the shift in equilibrium?

  Le Chatelier's principle
• What are conjugate pairs linked by?

  The transfer of a proton
• What do acids and bases produce in neutralisation reactions?

  A salt and water
• What is the reaction of HCl with NaOH?

  HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
• What indicates a neutral solution?

  [H+] = [OH−]
• What happens if [H+] < [OH−]?

  The solution is acidic
• What happens if [OH−] < [H+]?

  The solution is basic
• What is the Standard Enthalpy of Neutralisation?

  Enthalpy change when acid and base react
• What do weak acids and bases do in neutralisation reactions?

  They dissociate slightly
• What is required for weak acids and bases during neutralisation?

  Enthalpy for dissociation
• How do strong acids and bases behave in neutralisation reactions?

  They fully dissociate
• What is the pH scale a measure of?

  H+ ion concentration
• What is the formula for pH?

  pH = -log[H+]
• What is the range of the pH scale?

  0 to 14
• What is considered neutral on the pH scale?

  pH 7
• What is a monoprotic acid?

  Each mole produces 1 mole of H+ ions
• How does the pH of a strong acid relate to its concentration?

  pH equals the negative logarithm of concentration
• What are polyprotic acids?

  Acids that release more than one proton
• How do weak acids behave in solution?

  They do not fully dissociate
• What is the equilibrium constant for weak acids?

  Ka (acid dissociation constant)
• What can be assumed about weak acids in calculations?

  [HA] start = [HA] equilibrium
• What can be assumed about the dissociation of water in weak acids?

  It is much greater than acid dissociation
• What is the ionic product of water?

  Kw = [H+][OH−]