the nervous system

• What are the main parts of the nervous system?

  Central Nervous System (CNS), Sensory Neurones, Motor Neurones, Effectors
• What is the role of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

  The CNS coordinates the response to stimuli
• What are receptors?

  Cells that detect stimuli
• What are the different types of receptors?

  Taste receptors on the tongue, sound receptors in the ears
• What are effectors?

  Muscles and glands
• How do effectors respond to nervous impulses?

  Muscles contract, glands secrete hormones
• What is the sequence of events when a bird spots a cat?

  1. Receptors in the eye detect the stimulus (cat)
  2. Sensory neurones carry the information to the CNS
  3. The CNS coordinates the response
  4. Motor neurones carry the response to the effectors (wing muscles)
  5. The wing muscles contract and the bird flies away
• What connects two neurones?

  A synapse
• How is the nerve signal transferred across a synapse?

  Chemicals diffuse across the gap and set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
• What is a reflex response?

  A simple, automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve the central nervous system
• What are the main components of the nervous system?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Sensory Neurones
  • Motor Neurones
  • Effectors (Muscles and Glands)
• How does the nervous system respond to a stimulus?

  1. Receptors detect the stimulus
  2. Sensory neurones carry the information to the CNS
  3. The CNS coordinates the response
  4. Motor neurones carry the response to the effectors
  5. Effectors (muscles/glands) respond to the nervous impulse
• What is the function of a synapse?

  • Connects two neurones
  • Allows the transfer of a nerve signal from one neurone to the next
  • Involves the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap and set off a new electrical signal
• What is the difference between a reflex response and a response involving the central nervous system?

  • Reflex response: Simple, automatic response to a stimulus that does not involve the CNS
  • Response involving CNS: Complex response coordinated by the CNS
• How does the function of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from the function of the effectors?

  The CNS coordinates the response to stimuli, while the effectors (muscles and glands) carry out the response
• If you wanted to observe the detailed structure of a neurone, which microscope would you use?

  Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
• How do the functions of sensory neurones and motor neurones differ?

  Sensory neurones carry information from receptors to the CNS, while motor neurones carry information from the CNS to effectors
• If you wanted to measure the speed of a nerve impulse, what equipment would you use?

  Oscilloscope
• What are the key differences between the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and the effectors?

  • CNS coordinates the response to stimuli
  • Effectors (muscles and glands) carry out the response
• How would you experimentally determine the speed of a nerve impulse?

  • Use an oscilloscope to measure the time taken for the impulse to travel a known distance along the nerve
  • Calculate the speed using the formula: speed = distance / time
• If you wanted to observe the detailed internal structure of a cell, which microscope would you use?

  Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
• What are the key differences between the functions of sensory neurones and motor neurones?

  • Sensory neurones carry information from receptors to the CNS
  • Motor neurones carry information from the CNS to effectors
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?

  $A =$$\pi r^2$
• What are the key components of the nervous system?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Sensory Neurones
  • Motor Neurones
  • Effectors (Muscles and Glands)
• How do the functions of the retina and the rest of the eye differ?

  The retina contains light receptor cells, while the rest of the eye structures focus light onto the retina
• If you wanted to observe the detailed 3D surface structure of a cell, which microscope would you use?

  Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• How do the functions of receptors and effectors differ in the nervous system?

  • Receptors detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses
  • Effectors (muscles and glands) respond to nerve impulses by contracting or secreting
• What is the resolution limit of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

  0.1 nm
• How do the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and the effectors differ in the nervous system?

  • CNS coordinates the response to stimuli
  • Effectors (muscles and glands) carry out the response
• How do the functions of sensory neurones and motor neurones differ in the nervous system?

  • Sensory neurones carry information from receptors to the CNS
  • Motor neurones carry information from the CNS to effectors
• What is the formula to calculate the circumference of a circle?

  $C =$$2\pi r$
• How do the functions of the retina and the rest of the eye structures differ?

  • Retina contains light receptor cells
  • Rest of eye structures focus light onto the retina
• How do the functions of receptors and effectors differ in the nervous system?

  • Receptors detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses
  • Effectors (muscles and glands) respond to nerve impulses by contracting or secreting
• What is the resolution limit of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

  0.1 nm
• How do the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and the effectors differ in the nervous system?

  • CNS coordinates the response to stimuli
  • Effectors (muscles and glands) carry out the response
• If you wanted to observe the detailed internal structure of a mitochondrion, which microscope would you use?

  Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
• How do the functions of sensory neurones and motor neurones differ in the nervous system?

  • Sensory neurones carry information from receptors to the CNS
  • Motor neurones carry information from the CNS to effectors
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a rectangle?

  $A =$$l \times w$
• How do the functions of the retina and the rest of the eye structures differ?

  • Retina contains light receptor cells
  • Rest of eye structures focus light onto the retina