ORGANISATION

• What systems are covered in this section?

  Digestive and respiratory systems
• What is the role of the circulatory system?

  To move dissolved materials quickly around the body
• What can happen if any of the digestive, respiratory, or circulatory systems are damaged?

  It can be debilitating or fatal
• What can reduce the need for surgical interventions in coronary heart disease?

  Improved diet and lifestyle choices
• What does a plant's transport system depend on?

  Environmental conditions
• What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

  • Cells
• What is a tissue?

  • A group of cells with similar structure and function
• What are organs?

  • Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions
• What do organ systems do?

  • Work together to form organisms
• What is the human digestive system an example of?

  An organ system
• What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

  To catalyse specific reactions
• What does the 'lock and key theory' explain?

  Enzyme action
• What are the three types of digestive enzymes?

  Amylase, proteases, lipases
• What do carbohydrases break down?

  Carbohydrates to simple sugars
• What does amylase specifically break down?

  Starch
• What do proteases break down?

  Proteins to amino acids
• What do lipases break down?

  Lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat
• How does bile increase the rate of fat breakdown?

  By increasing surface area and providing alkaline conditions
• What are the required practical activities related to digestion?

  1. Test for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
  2. Investigate pH effect on amylase
• What is the structure of the human heart?

  It pumps blood in a double circulatory system
• What does the right ventricle do?

  Pumps blood to the lungs
• What does the left ventricle do?

  Pumps blood around the rest of the body
• What are the main blood vessels associated with the heart?

  Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
• What controls the natural resting heart rate?

  A group of cells in the right atrium
• What are the three types of blood vessels?

  Arteries, veins, capillaries
• How do arteries differ from veins?

  Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• What is blood composed of?

  Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• What is coronary heart disease caused by?

  Fatty material buildup in coronary arteries
• What do stents do?

  Keep coronary arteries open
• What are statins used for?

  To reduce blood cholesterol levels
• What happens when heart valves become faulty?

  They may prevent full opening or leak
• What can be used to replace faulty heart valves?

  Biological or mechanical valves
• What is heart failure?

  When the heart cannot pump effectively
• What is health defined as?

  State of physical and mental well-being
• How do diseases affect health?

  They are major causes of ill health
• What can trigger allergies?

  Immune reactions caused by pathogens
• What is a benign tumor?

  A growth contained in one area
• What are malignant tumors?

  Cancers that invade and spread
• What are the main plant tissues?

  • Epidermal tissues
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Spongy mesophyll
  • Xylem and phloem
  • Meristem tissue