Bio. Study for Finals

• What is the first principle of Cell Theory?

  All living things are made up of cells.
• What is the smallest unit of life?

  The cell
• Where do all cells come from?

  Preexisting cells
• What are the types of microscopes mentioned?

  • Compound Light Microscope
  • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
  • Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
• What is the max magnification of a Compound Light Microscope?

  ~2000x
• What is the best use for a Compound Light Microscope?

  Small, transparent cells and tissues
• What is the max magnification of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

  ~1,000,000x
• What type of images does a Scanning Electron Microscope produce?

  3D images of cell surfaces
• What is the max magnification of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

  ~50,000,000x
• What does a Transmission Electron Microscope visualize?

  Cell structures in great detail
• How does a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope produce images?

  Using lasers for detailed 3D images
• What is the formula for total magnification?

  Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens
• What does field diameter refer to in microscopy?

  Number of ruler ticks visible under magnification
• What are the two types of cells mentioned?

  • Prokaryotic Cells
  • Eukaryotic Cells
• What is a characteristic of Prokaryotic Cells?

  No nucleus, DNA scattered in cytoplasm
• Where are Prokaryotic Cells typically found?

  In single-cell organisms
• What is a characteristic of Eukaryotic Cells?

  Complex, organized with membrane-bound organelles
• Where are Eukaryotic Cells typically found?

  In multicellular organisms
• What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

  Semi-permeable protective barrier
• What is the composition of the Cell Membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer
• What is the function of Cytoplasm?

  Supports organelles and facilitates movement
• What is the role of the Nucleus?

  Control center containing DNA
• What does the Nucleolus produce?

  Ribosomes
• What is the function of Ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• Where are Ribosomes found?

  On rough ER or floating in cytoplasm
• What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

  Transports proteins
• What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

  Synthesizes fats/lipids
• What is the role of Mitochondria?

  Produces ATP via cellular respiration
• What do Mitochondria convert into usable energy?

  Glucose
• What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

  Packages and transports materials out of the cell
• What is the function of Vacuoles in plant cells?

  Water storage
• What do Lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes
• What is the function of the Cell Wall in plants?

  Provides structural support and protection
• What is the role of Chloroplasts in plants?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What are the types of membrane transport systems?

  • Passive Transport (No ATP required)
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport (Energy Required)
  • Protein Pumps
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
• What is Diffusion?

  Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
• What is Osmosis?

  Movement of water from high to low concentration
• What is Facilitated Diffusion?

  Uses proteins to assist molecule movement
• What are Protein Pumps used for?

  Move molecules against the gradient
• What is Endocytosis?

  Engulfing materials into the cell