A01

• Define cultural variation

  The differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups
• Define an individualist culture

  - Emphasis on personal independence and achievement at the expense of group goals

  - Strong sense of competition (e.g UK, USA etc. )
• Define a collectivist culture

  - Emphasis on family and work goals above individual needs and desires

  - There is a high degree of interdependence between people (e.g. China)
• State the three main studies carried out on cultural variations

  1. Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) = Meta-analysis

  2. Jin et al. (2012) = Korea

  3. Grossman and Grossman (1991) = Germany
• Describe the procedure of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study

  Meta-analysis of Strange Situation and combined findings of 32 other Strange Situation studies from a variety of different countries
• State the three main findings from Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study

  1. Secure attachment = most common

  2. Insecure-avoidant = highest % in Germany

  3. Insecure-resistant = least common overall, but highest in Japan
• Was the variation greater between or within cultures in Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?

  Within cultures - 1.5 times greater
• Explain why insecure-avoidant was the highest in Germany?

  German caregivers bring up children to be independent
• Explain why insecure-resistant was highest in Japan?

  Japan is a collectivist culture, Japanese infants are very rarely left by their mothers
• How does Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study show support for Bowlby's monotropic theory?

  Cultural similarity of secure being most common --> suggests attachment is innate
• Which other study showed evidence for high levels of insecure-resistant in Asian countries?

  Jin et al. ( 2012 ):

  - Compared attachment types in Korea to other studies using the Strange Situation to assess 87 children

  - Proportions of insecure and secure babies = similar to most countries

  - Higher levels of insecure-resistant
• What other study showed evidence high levels of insecure-avoidant in Germany?

  Grossman and Grossman (1991)