Variables

• What do researchers attempt to hold constant in experiments?

  Most variables
• What is the purpose of manipulating variables in an experiment?

  To measure the effect on other variables
• What are the types of variables discussed in the video?

  • Independent variables
  • Dependent variables
  • Covariables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Confounding variables
• What do researchers do in correlational studies?

  Measure covariables and compare them
• What indicates a positive relationship between covariables?

  Both covariables increase together
• What can we say about the relationship between two covariables in correlational research?

  They are associated, not causally linked
• What is the manipulated variable in an experiment called?

  Independent variable
• How might a researcher manipulate the independent variable?

  By altering drug or placebo administration
• What is operationalization in research?

  Specifying how a variable is measured
• How could a researcher measure the effectiveness of anger management therapy?

  By using a hostility questionnaire score
• What does a lack of internal validity imply about a study?

  Other variables influenced the dependent variable
• What are extraneous variables?

  Any variable other than the independent variable
• What are demand characteristics in research?

  Cues that influence participant behavior
• What can participant variables include?

  Age, gender, and cultural background
• What are situational variables?

  Environmental factors influencing performance
• What are order effects in repeated measures design?

  Practice or fatigue affecting performance
• What is a confounding variable?

  A variable that changes systematically with IV
• How could exhaustion act as a confounding variable?

  It varies with levels of body movement
• What is the purpose of controlling extraneous variables?

  To ensure valid results in research
• How can researchers control participant variables?

  Using random allocation or matched pairs
• What is counterbalancing used for?

  To control for order effects in experiments
• What do standardized procedures ensure in research?

  Consistent experiences for all participants
• What is a single-blind trial?

  Participants are unaware of the study's aim
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Both participants and researchers are unaware
• What is the purpose of pilot studies?

  To identify and correct extraneous variables
• What is peer review in research?

  Feedback from experts on a study
• What can peer review help identify?

  Extraneous variables that were missed
• What are the actions researchers can take to control extraneous variables?

  • Use random allocation
  • Use matched pairs design
  • Implement counterbalancing
  • Establish standardized procedures
  • Conduct single and double-blind trials
• What are the aims of a pilot study?

  • Identify extraneous variables
  • Test instructions for clarity
  • Ensure standardized procedures work
  • Check behavioral categories are operationalized
• What are the benefits of peer review?

  • Identifies missed extraneous variables
  • Provides feedback from experts
  • Ensures study validity before publication