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BIOLOGY Y1
Enzymes
Factors affecting enzyme activity
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Cards (28)
What are enzymes primarily composed of?
Complex proteins
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How can factors affecting enzyme activity be investigated?
By measuring the rate of reactions they catalyse
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What happens to kinetic energy as temperature increases?
Kinetic
energy
increases
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What effect does increasing temperature have on collision frequency?
It increases the number of collisions
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What does the Temperature Coefficient, Q10, measure?
Rate increase with a 10°C rise
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How does temperature affect an enzyme's structure?
Higher temperatures cause
bond vibrations
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What happens to the bonds in an enzyme at high temperatures?
They strain and break
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What is the result of breaking bonds in an enzyme?
Change in tertiary structure
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What occurs when an enzyme is denatured?
The
active site
changes shape
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What is the optimum temperature for many human enzymes?
Around
40°C
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What happens to the rate of reaction after enzymes denature?
It decreases rapidly
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How do enzymes in polar regions adapt to cold conditions?
They have more flexible structures
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What is the effect of smaller temperature changes on cold-adapted enzymes?
They can
denature
easily
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How do enzymes in hot environments differ from those in cold environments?
They are more stable due to more bonds
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What bonds hold proteins in their precise shape?
Hydrogen bonds
and
ionic bonds
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What does a change in pH affect in enzymes?
The hydrogen ion concentration
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What is the optimum pH for enzyme activity?
The right hydrogen ion concentration
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What happens to an enzyme's structure when pH changes from optimum?
It is altered
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What occurs if pH returns to optimum after a change?
The
enzyme
resumes its normal shape
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What happens when pH changes significantly?
The
enzyme
is
irreversibly
altered
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How do hydrogen ions interact with R-groups?
They change the
degree
of interaction
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What happens to R-groups at low pH?
They interact less with
each other
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What is the effect of fewer hydrogen ions on enzyme shape?
It leads to more
interactions
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How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?
Higher concentration increases
collision rate
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What happens when enzyme concentration increases?
The rate of
reaction
increases
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What is the maximum rate of reaction dependent on?
Enzyme
and
substrate concentration
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What happens when more active sites are available?
The rate of
reaction
increases
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What is required to increase the rate of reaction after maximum is reached?
Add more
enzymes
or increase
temperature
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