ATTACHMENT

• What are the two types of caregiver-infant interactions?

  Reciprocity and interactional synchrony
• Why are early interactions between babies and caregivers important?

  They are associated with successful attachment development
• What is an attachment?

  A close emotional bond between two individuals
• What behaviors indicate an attachment?

  Proximity, separation distress, secure-base behavior
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Taking turns to respond to each other
• How do alert phases contribute to reciprocity?

  They signal times for interaction between baby and caregiver
• How has the view of babies' roles in interactions changed?

  Babies are now seen as active participants
• What is interactional synchrony?

  Simultaneous imitation of behaviors between caregiver and baby
• What did Isabella et al. (1989) find about synchrony and attachment quality?

  High synchrony levels linked to better attachment quality
• What is the first stage of Schaffer's stages of attachment?

  Asocial stage
• What characterizes the asocial stage of attachment?

  Similar behavior towards people and objects
• What is the second stage of Schaffer's stages of attachment?

  Indiscriminate attachment
• What behavior is typical in the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Preference for familiar people over objects
• What is the third stage of Schaffer's stages of attachment?

  Specific attachment
• What indicates a specific attachment in infants?

  Separation anxiety from a particular person
• What is the fourth stage of Schaffer's stages of attachment?

  Multiple attachments
• When do secondary attachments typically form?

  Shortly after forming a primary attachment
• What was the sample size in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What did Schaffer and Emerson measure to assess attachment?

  Separation anxiety during everyday separations
• What did Schaffer and Emerson conclude about attachment development?

  Attachments develop through a sequence of stages
• What percentage of babies formed secondary attachments within a month?

  29%
• What did Grossmann et al. (2002) find about fathers' attachment quality?

  Less important for adolescent attachment than mothers
• What is the difference between a primary caregiver and a primary attachment figure?

  Caregiver spends time; attachment figure is emotionally close
• What role do fathers typically play in attachment?

  More related to play and stimulation
• What did Field (1978) find about primary caregiver fathers?

  They engage in behaviors typical of mothers
• What behaviors are important for building emotional attachment?

  Smiling, imitating, and holding babies
• What did Lorenz (1952) study in his research?

  Imprinting in geese
• What did Lorenz identify as crucial for imprinting?

  A critical period shortly after hatching
• What did Harlow (1958) study in his research?

  Importance of contact comfort in monkeys
• What did Harlow find about baby monkeys' preferences?

  They preferred the cloth-covered mother
• What were the long-term effects on monkeys deprived of their mothers?

  More aggressive and less sociable as adults
• What is the 'cupboard love' explanation of attachment?

  Attachment formed through association with food
• What is classical conditioning in the context of attachment?

  Associating caregiver with pleasure from food
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in attachment theory?

  Food
• What happens to a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

  It becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is the role of operant conditioning in attachment formation?

  Crying leads to caregiver responses, reinforcing attachment
• What is the primary drive in attachment theory?

  Hunger
• What is Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment?

  Emphasis on one primary attachment figure
• What is the law of continuity in attachment theory?

  Constant care leads to better attachment quality
• What are social releasers in Bowlby's theory?

  Innate behaviors that encourage adult attention